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The Roaring 20’s

The Roaring 20’s. The Roaring Twenties. Government & Foreign Affairs. Economic. Life in Postwar America. Social. Technology & Industry. The Roaring Twenties. Effects of the War – U.S. Becomes world’s industrial leader Military & Gov’t stronger

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The Roaring 20’s

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  1. The Roaring 20’s

  2. The Roaring Twenties Government & Foreign Affairs Economic Life in Postwar America Social Technology & Industry

  3. The Roaring Twenties Effects of the War – U.S. Becomes world’s industrial leader Military & Gov’t stronger Accelerated changes for women & African Americans AA move north 1 million women join workforce

  4. The Roaring Twenties Effects of the War – Europe Massive destruction of property & loss of life Creates instability in social & political systems Violence for decades afterwards Russia turns to Communism Fascist groups take over in Germany, Italy, and Spain

  5. European Debts to U.S.

  6. Hyper-Inflation in Germany: 1923

  7. Dawes Plan (1924)

  8. Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) • 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy. • 62 nations signed. • Problems no means of actual enforcement and gave Americans a false sense of security.

  9. The Roaring Twenties Effects of the War – Europe Adolph Hitler writes “It cannot be that 2 million Germans should have fallen in vain …. We demand vengeance!” 20 years later - WWII Adolph Hitler Mussolini & Hitler

  10. The Roaring Twenties • Nativism & Isolationism grew • Fear of “outsiders,” “troublemakers” • Fear of Communism

  11. Nativism • Huge influx of immigrants from Southern & Eastern Europe • New religions appeared: Jewish, Orthodox Catholic • North European immigrants felt it would undermine Protestant values

  12. Immigration Quota • People pushed Congress to restrict immigration • Led to quota system reducing number of immigrants from Southern & Eastern Europe • Fears also led to “Red Scare” (fear of communism) after the Bolshevik Revolution

  13. The Roaring Twenties Red Scare - Russian Communism Vladimir Lenin – Bolsheviks Red flag – nickname “Reds” Economic & political system No private ownership of property Gov’t owns factories, railroads, utilities, all businesses, farms Sought worldwide revolution Abolish capitalism Believed capitalism root of all problems Workers take over production & political power Vladimir Lenin Soviet Union

  14. The Roaring Twenties “Red Scare” seizes U.S. Gov’t witch hunt for communists or anyone whose political ideas differed Trampled civil rights Invaded private homes, offices Jailed people w/o attorney Deported foreigners Sacco & Vanzetti – executed for robbery, murder

  15. Palmer Raids • Wilson was gravely ill following a stroke • Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer, wanted shot at presidency - he used fears of immigrants & communism to promote himself • Palmer had J. Edgar Hoover round up suspected radicals, many were deported

  16. The Ku Klux Klan Anti-black Great increase in power Anti-immigrant Anti-Semitic Anti-Catholic

  17. Age of Prosperity • Economic expansion • Mass Production • Assembly Line • Age of the Automobile • Except … Ailing agriculture industry, mining, railroads & minorities

  18. Agricultural Problems • U.S. farmers lost markets in postwar Europe • Farming efficiency increased • more food produced = lower prices and fewer workers • Farming no longer prosperous • Bankers called in their loans • American farmers enter the Depression in advance of the rest of society

  19. Minorities • Black Americans continued to live in poverty • Sharecropping kept them in de facto slavery • 1915 - boll weevil wiped out the cotton crop • White landowners went bankrupt & forced blacks off their land

  20. Minorities & Great Migration • Blacks moved north for booming wartime industry - Ghettos began to form, i.e. Harlem, & Black Bottom, Paradise Valley in Detroit • Within these ghettos distinct Black culture flourished • But both blacks and whites wanted cultural interchange restricted

  21. The Roaring Twenties-Business Business Mergers Created wealth More efficient businesses Bankers got wealthy off large fees charged for the mergers & buyouts

  22. The Roaring Twenties-Business • Airline industry • New means of transportation • Used mostly to move mail • More freedom to travel • Created jobs • Business expansion

  23. The Roaring Twenties-Business Alternating Electric Current Distribute electricity over larger area Electricity in homes/appliances Freed up housewives for other things Created jobs Helped economy boom

  24. The Roaring Twenties-Business Modern Advertising Methods Created demand for consumer goods Increased sales & profits Turned “luxuries” into “necessities” Created jobs

  25. Ford Model T advertising

  26. The Roaring Twenties-Business • Automobiles • Building paved roads • Gas (service) stations • Garages • Freedom to travel • Urban sprawl • New status symbol • Demand for rubber, oil, steel, textiles, glass – new jobs

  27. Get your kicks on Route 66!

  28. The Roaring Twenties-Business Installment Plan People could buy more goods Felt more prosperous False sense of prosperity & optimism Little warning of economic pain to come

  29. The Roaring Twenties-Business • Signs of trouble ahead • Growing income gap • Lack of true prosperity in RR and iron industries • Farmers & Mining companies – losses • Buying stocks on margin – pay part now, rest later • Installment buying out of hand • “Give up food for car”

  30. Republican Power President Harding Elected 1920 Legacy of Scandals “Teapot Dome” Died in office

  31. President Coolidge“The business of America is business.” Fordney-McCumber Tariff Smoot-Hawley Tariff No help for farmers

  32. Prohibition banned the manufacture, transport & sale of alcohol Adopted in 1919 – 18th Amendment The Roaring Twenties-Prohibition

  33. The Roaring Twenties-Prohibition • Effects • Consumption of alcohol declines • Disrespect for law develops • Increase in unlawful activities: distilling alcohol, smuggling, bootlegging, beating law becomes a “game” • New source of illegal funds • Organized crime grows in every major city • Causes • Religious groups thought sinful • Favored by rural people – “small town values” • Reformers: Gov’t should protect public health • Reformers: Alcohol leads to crime, wife & child abuse, job accidents • Hostility towards German-American brewers & other immigrants who used alcohol.

  34. Speakeasies

  35. The Roaring Twenties-Prohibition • Speakeasies • Hidden saloons – found everywhere and anywhere • ID card or password to enter • Middle-class and Upper-middle-class • Bootlegger • Smuggle in alcohol from Cuba, Canada, West Indies • Hide in legs of boots

  36. The Roaring Twenties-Prohibition Al Capone – Chicago

  37. Al Capone – mob leader Chicago By 26 heads a criminal empire Uses bribery, violence Bootlegs whiskey from Canada Illegal breweries 10,000 speakeasies Worth about $100 million Convicted of tax evasion Died at 48 years old Public is fascinated with him The Roaring TwentiesOrganized Crime

  38. The Roaring Twenties-Prohibition “The cure is worse than the disease.” • By 1925 only 19% of people support Prohibition • 1933 – Repealed with 21st Amendment

  39. 1920s Flapper

  40. The Roaring Twenties-Women • 1920s Rebellious, pleasure-seeking atmosphere leads to women asserting more independence • Demand same freedoms as men • New fashions, dancing, drinking, smoking, more sexual freedom • Flappers, vamps • Casual dating begins

  41. The Roaring Twenties-Women • What does “double-standard” mean? • Despite new freedoms, women still had to live by stricter standards than men. • Women feel pulled in different directions • 19th Amendment – 1920 – gives women federal right to vote

  42. Marriage changes also More of partnership Women still in charge of housework, kids Families have fewer children Birth control info more available More free time to pursue leisure, volunteer activities, work The Roaring Twenties-Families

  43. Children no longer in factories In school Emergence of “teenager” Peer pressure Rebellion Less time with family Auto gives more freedom Dating, “parking” The Roaring Twenties-Families

  44. The Roaring Twenties-Education

  45. How did high schools change? 1914-1926: Rose by 3 million students Teaching immigrants English Courses added for vocational training Industrial jobs, homemaking The Roaring Twenties-Education

  46. Growing mass media shapes culture Higher literacy leads to More news, entertainment, ads Newspapers, magazines, radio Radio Most powerful communication medium 1920 - KDKA Pittsburgh – 1st commercial radio station – industry changes forever The Roaring TwentiesPopular Culture

  47. More money + More leisure time = Fads Sporting events Boxing, baseball, tennis Flagpole sitting Dance marathons Roaring TwentiesPopular Culture

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