Change Since 1960 Unit 8, SSWH 20 a , c, d

1. Change Since 1960Unit 8, SSWH 20 a , c, d

2. 20 a. Identify ethnic conflicts and new nationalisms; include pan-Africanism, pan- Arabism, and the conflicts in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Rwanda. c. Analyze terrorism as a form of warfare in the 20th century; include Shining Path, Red Brigade, Hamas, and Al Qaeda; and analyze the impact of terrorism on daily life; include travel, world energy supplies, and financial markets. d. Examine the rise of women as major world leaders; include Golda Meir, Indira Gandhi, and Margaret Thatcher.

3. Pan-Africanism • 1920s movement for nationalism, emphasized the unity of Africans & descendents • Marcus Garvey, leader, demanded end to colonial rule • Movement met resistance p.859 - 60

4. Pan-Arabism • Arab nationalism grew after WWII, developed from Arabian Peninsula to North Africa • Recalled the Golden Age of Arab Civilization • Felt betrayed after Arabs didn’t gain independence after WWI • 1920s-30s Arabs angry over Western imperialism p. 862

5. Bosnia-Herzegovina • 1992: Civil war among Bosniaks, Serbs & Croats • Bosnian Serbs ethnic cleansing (killing people from other ethnic groups/removal) • 1000s brutalized/killed • NATO air strikes forced warring group to peace, Dayton Accords signed – ended war 1995 p. 1046, 1097

6. Rwanda • 1994: genocide, Hutus vs. Tutsis (800,000 killed) • Leaders die suspiciously, Hutu officials urged to turn on Tutsis • World reacts slowly to genocide, by July Tutsi exile Hutus & set up government p. 1051

7. Terrorism • Use of violence by groups of extremists to achieve political goals (bombed buildings, assassinations, etc.) • 1990s: Increased terrorism has led to greater international cooperation between world governments to prevent further attacks

8. Shining Path • South American terrorist group in Peru who used kidnappings, murder, & bombings to overthrow national governments (sold drug for $) p. 1116 Red Brigade • 1950s-60s, communist group in Italy used violence in an attempt to gain power

9. Hamas • Rebel group: wanted to estab. Palestinian State & the destruction of Israel, practiced terror to achieve goals (suicide bombers used to attack Israeli targets) p. 1117

10. Al Qaeda “the Base” • Founder: Osama Bin Laden • Islamic terrorists, overthrow “un-Islamic” gov. & expell non-Muslims from Muslim countries • 1990s – 2000s: Numerous attacks on American involvement throughout world p. 1117

11. Response to Terrorism • U.S. has made national security top priority • Reorganized intelligence services & new counter terrorism laws • Rigorous security in air ports & public buildings • Measures to cut off terrorists’ $ money supply & limiting their activities • Some people believed the fed. Gov. is using the threat of terrorism to increase its power & violate the constitutional rights & freedoms of its citizens

12. Golda Meir • 1898-1978 • Israeli’s 1st woman prime minister, former ambassador to Soviet Union • 1973: launched a counter-attack against the Arab-Israeli conflict & regained most of the last territory lost in ’67 p. 1055

13. Margaret Thatcher • 1979 British Conservative Party leader • Denounced the welfare state as costly & inefficient • Reduced social welfare programs & returned gov owned industries to private control p. 982

14. Burning Question Write down one question you have about today’s lesson. You have one minute. Be prepared to share.