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Keeping Your Body Healthy

Keeping Your Body Healthy. Unit 4, Lesson 19 – Endocrine, Digestive, Integumentary, & Urinary Systems National Health Standard 1.5. The Endocrine System. System consisting of glands that produce hormones Gland A group of cells that secrete hormones Hormone

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Keeping Your Body Healthy

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  1. Keeping Your Body Healthy Unit 4, Lesson 19 – Endocrine, Digestive, Integumentary, & Urinary Systems National Health Standard 1.5

  2. The Endocrine System • System consisting of glands that produce hormones • Gland • A group of cells that secrete hormones • Hormone • Chemical messengers released into the bloodstream • Control many body functions

  3. Pituitary Gland • Produces hormones, which control growth and other glands • Located below the hypothalamus • About the size of a pea • Often called the master gland because it releases hormones that affect the function of other glands 1 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=pituitary+gland&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=653&tbm=isch&tbnid=0kYY3LoY5AGVgM:&imgrefurl=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/medical/IM00643&docid=ZMzxMln_-rw3vM&imgurl=http://www.mayoclinic.com/images/image_popup/m7_glands.jpg&w=400&h=344&ei=yHy6T7OcD8WLsQKfmviKDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=991&vpy=317&dur=3703&hovh=208&hovw=242&tx=160&ty=101&sig=101446209664207918597&page=1&tbnh=134&tbnw=156&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:11,s:0,i:161 1

  4. Thyroid Gland • Produces the hormone thyroxin • Located near the upper portion of the trachea • Thyroxin • Hormone that controls metabolism and calcium balance in the body • Metabolism • Rate at which food is converted to energy in body cells 2http://www.google.com/imgres?q=thyroid+gland&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=653&tbm=isch&tbnid=MB90rcicKw2mIM:&imgrefurl=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/medical/IM01872&docid=0zy0sNlJNGWLoM&imgurl=http://www.mayoclinic.com/images/image_popup/thyroid.jpg&w=400&h=300&ei=PX66T_-IO_TJsQLE2oGLDA&zoom=1 2

  5. Parathyroid Gland • Controls the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the body • 3 glands on the thyroid gland • Each about the size of a grain of rice 3 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=parathyroid+gland&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=653&tbm=isch&tbnid=Yg_I3_7A5yCyMM:&imgrefurl=http://uvahealth.com/services/diabetes-and-metabolism/conditions-treatments/96738&docid=B-vpQyEo1EkayM&imgurl=http://uvahealth.com/Plone/ebsco_images/7709.jpg&w=400&h=264&ei=6n66T_XbI5LMsQKPyoCLDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=660&vpy=189&dur=3828&hovh=182&hovw=276&tx=196&ty=87&sig=101446209664207918597&page=1&tbnh=109&tbnw=165&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:146

  6. Pancreas • Produces digestive enzymes and insulin • Essential to the digestion of food • Insulin – regulates blood sugar level • Failure to regulate level results in diabetes mellitus 4 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=pancreas&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=653&tbm=isch&tbnid=VjQJFc9ZA1ySJM:&imgrefurl=http://www.umm.edu/imagepages/19264.htm&docid=5xoF7WQn3-ZYNM&imgurl=http://www.umm.edu/graphics/images/en/19264.jpg&w=400&h=320&ei=9H-6T_btILSasgL9s_yKDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=173&vpy=322&dur=781&hovh=201&hovw=251&tx=132&ty=90&sig=101446209664207918597&page=1&tbnh=128&tbnw=160&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:6,s:0,i:151 4

  7. Adrenal Glands • Secrete several hormones including adrenaline • Hormones that affect metabolism • 2 glands located on each kidney • Adrenaline • Hormone that prepares body for fight or flight • Reacts during times of stress, danger, or in an emergency • Heart rate and blood pressure increase 5 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=adrenal+glands&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=653&tbm=isch&tbnid=1gppN1FzCEznAM:&imgrefurl=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/medical/IM03191&docid=brz5dGxRrtZUTM&imgurl=http://www.mayoclinic.com/images/image_popup/mcdc7_adrenal_glands.jpg&w=400&h=384&ei=QIG6T57KCoiFsgLn5ZWLDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=358&vpy=312&dur=1219&hovh=220&hovw=229&tx=113&ty=139&sig=101446209664207918597&page=1&tbnh=130&tbnw=142&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0,i:155 5

  8. Ovaries • Female reproductive glands • Produce ova and estrogen • Ova • egg cells or female reproductive cells • Estrogen • Hormone produced to stimulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics and affect menstrual cycle 6 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=ovaries&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=653&tbm=isch&tbnid=z3G7fEVUGAIoWM:&imgrefurl=http://www.dimensionsguide.com/ovaries-dimensions/&docid=ytTFG_JFlz1rtM&imgurl=http://www.dimensionsguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Ovaries.gif&w=600&h=315&ei=YYK6T7ffNKuDsALYvYmLDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=507&vpy=198&dur=1125&hovh=163&hovw=310&tx=158&ty=80&sig=101446209664207918597&page=1&tbnh=93&tbnw=178&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0,i:155 6

  9. Testes • Male reproductive glands • Produce sperm • Testosterone – hormone that produces male secondary sex characteristics 7 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=testes&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=653&tbm=isch&tbnid=IBLV7dK77qXI4M:&imgrefurl=http://www.ceessentials.net/article42.html&docid=1nScldTv43V8eM&imgurl=http://www.ceessentials.net/images/ultrasoundTestes/image002.jpg&w=526&h=355&ei=64K6T__BN_TksQLRuoSLDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=960&vpy=189&dur=3672&hovh=184&hovw=273&tx=143&ty=78&sig=101446209664207918597&page=1&tbnh=122&tbnw=181&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:6,s:0,i:98 7

  10. The Digestive System • Breaks down food into nutrients that can be used by the body • Allows nutrients to be absorbed by the cells and waste materials to be eliminated • Process to change food is known as • digestion

  11. Mouth • Salivary glands – glands in the mouth that releases saliva – contains chemicals that begin digestion of carbohydrates • Saliva – fluid that helps soften food so it can be swallowed more easily

  12. 100,000 taste buds on tongue • Each taste bud contains 50-100 receptor cells • Send nerve impulses to brain to register one of four flavor sensations - sweet, sour, bitter, salty 8 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=tongue&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=653&tbm=isch&tbnid=Zk8sDuXTxS9rvM:&imgrefurl=http://www.umm.edu/imagepages/8686.htm&docid=k5OS_48PFcWapM&imgurl=http://www.umm.edu/graphics/images/en/8686.jpg&w=400&h=320&ei=GpS6T-e0PKb9sQLfh5WLDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=295&vpy=319&dur=781&hovh=201&hovw=251&tx=109&ty=115&sig=101446209664207918597&page=1&tbnh=127&tbnw=159&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:0,i:153 8

  13. Esophagus • Tube that connects the mouth to the stomach • Peristalsis • Series of involuntary muscle contractions that move food to stomach even if you were standing on your head 9 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=digestive+system&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=653&tbm=isch&tbnid=WqICm9_PqHIuhM:&imgrefurl=http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Digestive/Digestive.htm&docid=mYqT-m7Tp0TC5M&imgurl=http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Digestive/dige_tract.jpg&w=500&h=360&ei=3Ze6T4iBKtT2sQL7_ZGLDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=591&vpy=345&dur=9641&hovh=190&hovw=265&tx=143&ty=114&sig=101446209664207918597&page=1&tbnh=131&tbnw=187&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:17,s:0,i:174 9

  14. Stomach • Releases acids and juices that mix with food, forming a paste called chyme • Produces a layer of mucus to protect its lining from strong acids • After 4 hours of churning, the food is released to the small intestine

  15. Small Intestine • Coiled tube where greatest amount of digestion and absorption takes place • 21 feet long and lined with villi – small folds that increase the surface area to allow more food to be absorbed

  16. Several enzymes are produced here • Protein that regulates chemical reactions

  17. Liver • Secretes bile to help break down fats, maintain blood sugar level, and filter poisonous wastes • Bile flows to the small intestine to help in digestion of fat • Bile is stored in the gallbladder, sac-like organ located under the liver

  18. Pancreas • Gland that produces both digestive enzymes and insulin • Enzymes from here break down proteins, starches, and fats from food in the small intestine

  19. Large Intestine • Also called the colon • Tube extending from the small intestine to prepare undigested food for elimination • When full, it contracts pushing solid wastes through the rectum and anus

  20. Rectum – lower end of the large intestine that stores solid waste temporarily • Anus – opening to the outside at the end of the rectum

  21. The Integumentary System • Covers and protects the body • Consists of skin, glands associated with skin, hair, and nails • Performs several functions essential for life

  22. Skin • Largest organ of the body • Contains nerve cells that help detect pain, pressure, touch, heat, and cold • Protects some parts from injury

  23. Serves as a protective layer to keep microorganisms from entering the body • Maintain healthful body temperature • Helps with waste removal • Senses the environment • Protects against ultraviolet radiation

  24. Made of 2 layers • Epidermis • outer layer of skin cells • Constantly shed and replaced • Does not contain blood vessels or nerve endings

  25. Dermis • Thick layer of cells below the epidermis • Contains sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous (oil) glands, blood vessels, and nerves

  26. Sweat glands • Rids the body of waste, such as salt, and help cools the body by releasing sweat through the pores to evaporate on the surface

  27. Sebaceous glands • small oil producing glands protecting skin • Found with hair follicles • Sebum – oil produced by these glands • Sebaceous layer – layer of fatty tissue below the dermis • Large portion of body fat stored in this layer

  28. Birthmarks • Most vulnerable organ • Birthmark – area of discolored skin present at birth • Include different types of freckles and moles • May be removed by a physician 10 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=birthmark&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=653&tbm=isch&tbnid=GN9nC2GVcbxu_M:&imgrefurl=http://bryanking.net/hemangioma/&docid=ClW39zLn7NximM&imgurl=http://bryanking.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/hemangioma.jpg&w=350&h=361&ei=Z6G6T67TArKCsAL80YiLDA&zoom=1 10

  29. Scars • Mark left on damaged tissue after healing • Cut, severe burn 11 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=scars&start=91&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=653&addh=36&tbm=isch&tbnid=6CefqF-FXhN3GM:&imgrefurl=http://deafgeoff.wordpress.com/2011/01/02/starting-off-2011-on-the-right-foot-a-k-a-an-update-on-my-broken-leg/&docid=OqoC9ewfNyHiYM&imgurl=http://deafgeoff.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/scars.jpg&w=463&h=304&ei=vaK6T7jlHJD4sQLMmfSLDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=806&vpy=353&dur=1609&hovh=182&hovw=277&tx=173&ty=144&sig=101446209664207918597&page=5&tbnh=139&tbnw=184&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:23,s:91,i:54 11

  30. Warts • Contagious growth on top layer of skin • Caused by a viral infection • Grow in groups • Spread by contact • Can be treated by OTC medications, but best to see a physician 12 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=warts&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=653&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=tGHyrZV6NPTmQM:&imgrefurl=http://www.armpitwarts.com/flat-warts/&docid=hop6H6vhOaVv0M&imgurl=http://www.armpitwarts.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/flat_warts.jpg&w=315&h=252&ei=uaO6T5GBFerpsQLWrvmKDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=435&vpy=179&dur=1609&hovh=201&hovw=251&tx=170&ty=84&sig=101446209664207918597&page=1&tbnh=132&tbnw=151&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0,i:157 12

  31. Acne • Skin disorder where hair follicles become plugged • Prevalent during adolescence • Pustule – dome-shaped lesion containing pus consisting of white blood cells, dead skin cells, and bacteria

  32. Ringworm • Skin condition causing small, red, ring-shaped marks on skin • Caused by fungal infection • Can be spread by physical contact • Physicians treat with ointments and creams 13 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=ringworm&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=653&tbm=isch&tbnid=wxNVob16jEimgM:&imgrefurl=http://www.naturasil.com/ringworm-symptoms-and-diagnosis/&docid=yoNc_e_LqoTSMM&imgurl=http://www.naturasil.com/product_images/uploaded_images/ringworm-of-the-body.jpg&w=493&h=335&ei=EaW6T7mSCM_1sQLSm4WLDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=961&vpy=184&dur=2719&hovh=185&hovw=272&tx=202&ty=91&sig=101446209664207918597&page=1&tbnh=127&tbnw=172&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:0,i:148 13

  33. Nails and Hair • Nails – made of dead cells and keratin – tough protein • Hair – threadlike structure made of dead cells filled with keratin • Hair protects skin from sun rays and helps maintain body temperature

  34. Hair varies in amount and color • From 100,000 to 200,000 on head • Each hair grows with a follicle • A depression on the surface of the dermis that contains nutrients a hair needs to grow • Roots are made of living cells

  35. The Urinary System • Removes liquid wastes from body • Maintains body’s water balance • Organs include: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

  36. Kidneys • Filters the blood • Excretes waste products and excess water in the form of urine – pale yellow liquid made of water, salts, and other wastes • 2 kidneys – on either side of spinal column just above waist

  37. Ureters • Narrow tube connecting the kidney to the urinary bladder • Carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder • Urinary Bladder • Sac storing urine 14 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=urinary+system&hl=en&gbv=2&biw=1280&bih=653&tbm=isch&tbnid=i957oTeIwW8HmM:&imgrefurl=http://tmfpff.blogspot.com/2011/05/urinary-system.html&docid=yUbs2OffGJrb2M&imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bg_Q6s_hUKo/Td5ouXgEo4I/AAAAAAAAAKg/0eYHVW_UOIk/s1600/25446818.jpg&w=450&h=372&ei=8Ke6T8jYJOStsgK71aCLDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=354&vpy=347&dur=8000&hovh=204&hovw=247&tx=174&ty=95&sig=101446209664207918597&page=1&tbnh=128&tbnw=155&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:15,s:0,i:170 14

  38. Urethra • Narrow tube extending from urinary bladder to outside the body • Where urine passes out of the body

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