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Evolution of Europe’s Political Geography – Chapter 7

Evolution of Europe’s Political Geography – Chapter 7. Byzantine Empire – Byzantium Ottoman Empire – Constantinople Republic of Turkey - Istanbul (Kemal Ataturk) Split of Roman Empire between east and west Split of Catholic Church - Byzantine/Orthodox Church

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Evolution of Europe’s Political Geography – Chapter 7

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  1. Evolution of Europe’s Political Geography – Chapter 7 • Byzantine Empire – Byzantium • Ottoman Empire – Constantinople • Republic of Turkey - Istanbul (Kemal Ataturk) • Split of Roman Empire between east and west • Split of Catholic Church - Byzantine/Orthodox Church • Charlemagne - King of Franks • Feudal Europe • Brandenburg (Berlin), Ostmark (Vienna)Hapsburg Empire: Germans, Slavs, Hungarians (German was dominant language)

  2. in 1911

  3. Revolutions and rise of Nationalism • Nationality = identity with a group of people who share a common allegiance to a particular country • Nation-state • Examples • Denmark • Nation-states in Europe • Nationalism = loyalty and devotion to a nationality • Imperialism • French Empire - Napoleon Bonaparte • British Empire • German Empires: • 1st Reich - Holy Roman Empire • 2nd Reich - German Empire 1871 • 3rd Reich - Nazi German Empire - Adolph Hitler • Unification of Italy - 1860s • Unification & breakup • Prussia, East Prussia – Kaliningrad • Yugoslav Federation – Josep Tito • U.S.S.R. - breakup and former Soviet republics • Czechoslovakia

  4. Nation-states in Europe Figure 7-15

  5. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? • Multinational states • Multiethnic state • A state with multiple ethnic groups, all of whom might contribute to a larger national identity • Example: the United States • Multinational state • A state with multiple ethnic groups who retain their own distinctive national identity • Example: the United Kingdom • Example: Russia (the largest multinational state) • Revival of ethnic identity

  6. Former U.S.S.R.

  7. Ethnicities in Russia Figure 7-18

  8. Autonomous Russian Republics • Adygea • Dagestan • Chechnya • North Ossetia • Ingushetia • Karachay-Cherkessia • Kabardino-Balkaria • Kalmykia • Mari-El • Mordvinia • Chuvashia • Tatarstan • Udmurtia • Bashkortostan • Komi • Karelia

  9. The European Union

  10. EU Enlargement

  11. The EURO European Central Bank Eurozone

  12. Schengen Area

  13. NATO in Europe

  14. Other European Organizations • European Coal and Steel Community • Now part of EU • EFTA • CIS

  15. Devolution and Regionalism in Europe

  16. Regionalism and Devolutionary movements – Nations without states • France: Corsica (Corse), Brittany (Breton), Alsace (German), Occitanian - Provence (Langue d'Oc) • Spain: Basque Country (Euskera), Catalonia (Catalan), Galicia (Gallego), Andalucia • Belgium: Flanders (Flemish), Walloonia (Walloon French) • United Kingdom: Scotland (Scots Gaelic), Wales (Welsh), Northern Ireland (Catholic Ulster Irish) • Italy: Mezzogiorno – Sicily, Sardinia; South Tiroleans • Czech Republic: Bohemia, Moravia • Slovakia: Magyar, Ruthenia • Croatia: Orthodox Serbs - Krajina Republic • Bosnia-Herzegovina: Serbian Republic, Catholic Croats, Muslim BosniansKosovo (Albanians) • Romania: Magyars – Transylvania • Greece: Macedonians, Albanians • Moldova: Russians – Trans Dniester • Ukraine: Crimea (Russians), west Catholic, east Orthodox

  17. Autonomous and de-facto Republics in the former Soviet States (the CIS) • Ukraine • Crimea • Moldova • Transnistria (Trans-Dniester)

  18. Languages in Southeastern Europe

  19. Ethnic Cleansing and Balkanization • Ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia • Bosnia-Herzegovina • Croatia • Kosovo

  20. The Balkans in 1914 The northern part of the Balkans was part of Austria-Hungary in 1914, while much of the south was part of the Ottoman Empire. The country of Yugoslavia was created after World War I.

  21. Ethnic Regions in former Yugoslavia Yugoslavia’s six republics until 1992 included much ethnic diversity. Brutal ethnic cleansing occurred in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo during the civil wars of the 1990s.

  22. Bosnia-Herzegovina: Internal Republics • Republic of Srpska • Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

  23. Transnistria(Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic)

  24. Republic of Kosovo

  25. Cyprus Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

  26. Autonomous Regions in Spain Galicia BasqueCountry Catalonia Valencia

  27. Language Divisions in Belgium

  28. Other Devolutionary Regions • Wales/Cymru • Brittany/Bretagne • Corse/Corsica • Crimea • South Ossetia • Abkhazia • Chechnya • Dagestan • Ingushetia • North Ossetia

  29. Urban Geography “Towns and Cities” – Chapters 8-9 • Greek and Roman cities • Medieval cities • Renaissance cities • Industrial cities • Modern cities • Post Modern/Post Industrial cities • Soviet cities • Post-soviet cities • European cities versus American cities

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