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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. Levels of Organization:. See figs. 1.3 & 1.4. COHN – 99.5%. 99.9% =. Muscular system Cardiovascular system Endocrine system Respiratory system Skeletal system Digestive system. Urinary system Nervous system Reproductive system Immune system

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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

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  1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

  2. Levels of Organization: See figs. 1.3 & 1.4 COHN – 99.5% 99.9% =

  3. Muscular system Cardiovascular system Endocrine system Respiratory system Skeletal system Digestive system Urinary system Nervous system Reproductive system Immune system Integumentary system Lymphatic system Organs and Body System

  4. Disciplines of Anatomy • GrossAnatomy: structures studied with the naked eye. • Systematic anatomy: organized by systems, e.g., digestive, nervous, endocrine, etc. • Regionalanatomy: study of all structures in an area of the body, e.g., upper extremity bones, muscles, blood vessels, etc.

  5. Disciplines of Anatomy • GrossAnatomy • Microscopic anatomy (histology) • Developmental anatomy (embryology) • Pathological anatomy • Radiologic anatomy (x-ray, CT, MRI) • Other areas? (surgery)

  6. The Anatomical Position • وضعيت تشريحي • The standard reference position: 1.3

  7. Sectional Anatomy 3 sectional planes: • transverse ( or cross) section • frontal (or coronal) section • sagittal section (mid- and para-)

  8. Planes of the Body • Frontal (coronal) (ant-post) • Transverse (horizontal) (sup-infer) • Midsagittal (R-L) • Parasagittal (unequal R-L)

  9. Body planes and sections - cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane (also called coronal) (also called XS – cross section)

  10. Gross Anatomy Terms • Superior ≠ Inferior • (cranial ≠ caudal) • Anterior ≠ Posterior • (ventral ≠ dorsal) • Medial ≠ lateral • Proximal ≠ distal • Superficial ≠ deep

  11. Superior and Inferior • Superior means uppermost, above or toward the head. For example, the lungs are located superior to (above) the diaphragm. • Inferior means lowermost, below or toward the feet. For example, the stomach is located inferior to (below) the diaphragm.

  12. Gross Anatomy Terms • Anterior ≠ Posterior • (ventral ≠ dorsal)

  13. Lateral and Medial • Lateralmeans toward the side or away from the midline of the body or structure. • Medialmeans pertaining to the middle or toward the midline.

  14. Proximal and Distal • Proximalmeans near the midline or the beginning of a body structure. • Distal means away from the midline or the beginning of a body structure. back

  15. Directional Terms

  16. Angular Movement Figure 8.5b

  17. Angular Movement Figure 8.5c, d

  18. Angular Movement Figure 8.5e, f

  19. Rotation • The turning of a bone around its own long axis • Examples • Between first two vertebrae • Hip and shoulder joints Figure 8.5g

  20. Special Movements Figure 8.6a

  21. Special Movements Figure 8.6b

  22. Special Movements Figure 8.6c

  23. Special Movements Figure 8.6d

  24. Special Movements Figure 8.6e

  25. Reference Lines (Anterior) Slide 18-36

  26. Reference Lines (Posterior) Slide 18-38

  27. aponeurosis

  28. Biceps—anterior compartment, flexion (M-C n.) • Triceps—posterior compartment, extension (radial n.) Frolich, Human Anatomy,UpprLimb

  29. Anterior Compartment Forearm--flexors Medial Epicondyle Brachioradialis Pronator Teres Flexor Carpi Radialis Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Flexor Retinaculum Flexor Digitorum Superficialis is deep to other flexors Frolich, Human Anatomy,UpprLimb Anterior View

  30. Posterior Compartment of Forearm--extensors Lateral Epicondyle Brachioradialis Extensor digitorum Ext Carpi Radialis Longus Extensor carpi ulnaris Posterior View Frolich, Human Anatomy,UpprLimb

  31. Hyaline Cartilage - Translucent- has collagen fibers that are not visible with light microscope. Nose, ends of bones Elastic Cartilage -Visible elastic fibers, very flexible. Ear pinna or auricle Fibrous Cartilage - Bundles of collagen fibers, very obvious. Intervertebral disks Cartilage

  32. Muscular System • Over 600 muscles in your body • Control movement • Voluntary muscles: you choose to move them • Involuntary muscles: move without you telling them to move, ie. heart

  33. Muscles • 3 types • Skeletal: attached to bones to help you move • Cardiac: heart • Smooth: intestines, bladder, blood vessels, internal organs

  34. Classification of Bones • Axial skeleton – bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage • Appendicular skeleton – bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip

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