Dawn of Modern Science: Scientific Revolution & Discoveries

2. Preview Starting Points Map: European Centers of Learning Main Idea / Reading Focus Dawn of Modern Science Quick Facts: The Scientific Method Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math The Scientific Revolution

3. Preview, continued Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry Science and Society Faces of History: Galileo Galilei Quick Facts: Causes and Effects of the Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution

4. Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps.

5. The Scientific Revolution Main Idea New ways of thinking led to remarkable discoveries during the Scientific Revolution. • Reading Focus • What changes led to the dawn of modern science? • What discoveries occurred in astronomy, physics, and math during the Scientific Revolution? • How did early scientists advance knowledge in biology and chemistry? • How did scientific ideas move beyond the realm of science and affect society?

6. Witness History Audio: Mountains on the Moon The Renaissance and Reformation Changing Views of the Universe In the 1500s and 1600s people began to question long-held beliefs about the Earth’s being the center of the universe. Nicolaus Copernicus wrote that the Earth and other planets revolved around the sun. Galileo Galilei used his telescope to observe the moons of Jupiter in orbit. This supported the idea that the planets orbited the sun. The Church would not accept this fact. Section 5: The Scientific Revolution Note Taking Transparency 105 1 of 6

7. The Old View New Viewpoints • Scholars relied on traditional authorities for beliefs about structure of universe • Geocentric theory, Aristotle • Earth center of universe • Sun, moon, planets revolved around sun • Ideas upheld by church, accepted authority for European intellectuals • Scholars began to challenge traditional authorities, 1500s • Scientific Revolution, new way of thinking • Posed theories, developed procedures to test ideas • Why open to new ideas? • Exploration • New lands, new people, new animals Dawn of Modern Science Some Middle Ages scholars sought answers about the natural world from the church. In the mid-1500s, others began to think in new ways.

8. Ancient scholars could provide no information about new lands, people, animals Age of Exploration led scientists to study natural world more closely Other things to be discovered, things unknown to ancients Navigators needed more accurate instruments, geographic knowledge Scientists examined natural world, found it did not match ancient beliefs Dawn of Modern Science

9. Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math • Early scientists • Made significant contributions in astronomy, physics and math • Began to explain complexities of solar system, limits of physical world • Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer, among first • Copernicus • Found geocentric theory of movement of sun, moon, planets not accurate • Concluded sun, not earth, near center of solar system • Heliocentric theory, earth revolves around sun • Copernicus’ theory • Idea of earth orbiting sun was not completely new • Copernicus developed detailed mathematical explanation of process • Was first scientist to create complete model of solar system

10. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres • Copernicus’ famous book not published until last year of his life • Knew church would oppose work • Work contradicted teachings of church • Weaknesses of theory • Mathematical formulas did not predict positions of planets well • Copernicus did not want to be ridiculed for weaknesses • Died 1543 after work published, other scientists expanded on ideas

11. Observations Kepler, German Mathematician • Brahe used observatories • Developed system to explain planetary movement • Believed sun revolved around earth • Other five known planets revolved around sun • Hired as Brahe’s assistant to form mathematical theory from measurements of planets • Published result of measurements of orbit of Mars after Brahe’s death Brahe and Kepler • Brahe, Danish Astronomer • Wrote book proving bright object over Denmark sky was newly visible star • Called it supernova, distant exploding star suddenly visible on earth • Book impressed Denmark’s King Frederick II • Gave Brahe money to build two observatories

12. The Renaissance and Reformation: Section 5 Color Transparency 76: Holbein’s The Ambassadors 5 of 6

13. Kepler solved main problem of Copernican theory Copernicus assumed planets orbited in circle Kepler found assumption untrue Proved planets orbited in oval pattern, ellipse Wanted to prove Copernicus wrong, instead proved heliocentric theory correct Kepler’s mathematical solar system model also correct Kepler’s Solution

14. Science and the Church • Galileo’s Theories • Brought him into direct conflict with the church • Church leaders pressured him not to support ideas of Copernicus • Dialogue concerning Two Chief World Systems, 1632, showed support • Trial • Pope Urban VII ordered Galileo to Rome to stand trial before Inquisition • Church wanted to stamp out heresy, or dissenting views • Trial held, April 1633 • House Arrest • Galileo stated would not use Copernican theory in work • Received lenient sentence in return • Pope ordered Galileo under house arrest, where he spent rest of life

16. A New Scientific Method The Renaissance and Reformation By the early 1600s scientists had begun using the scientific method of observing and reasoning to come up with a hypothesis that was then tested through further observation or experimentation. Two great early practitioners of this method were Francis Bacon and René Descartes. Section 5: The Scientific Revolution Breakthroughs In Medicine and Chemistry Using the scientific method, physicians studied the human body. Andreas Vesalius published the first accurate study of human anatomy in 1543.They also made discoveries that saved lives such as Ambroise Paré’s antibacterial ointment. Chemists, too, made many advances and Robert Boyle explained much about elements, compounds, and the behavior of gases. 2 of 6

18. Scientific Method Scholars New Approach to Investigation • Francis Bacon, experimentation to gain scientific knowledge • Rene Descartes, reason key • Believed everything should be doubted until proved by reason • Relied on math, logic • Ideas of both continue to influence modern scientific methods • Scientific Method • Identify problem • Form hypothesis • Perform experiments to test hypothesis • Record results • Analyze results, form conclusion The Scientific Method

19. Biology Vesalius William Harvey • European Middle Ages doctors relied on Greek, Galen • Galen’s works inaccurate • Flemish doctor Andreas Vesalius became known for work in anatomy • Used bodies of executed criminals for dissection • Hired artists to produce accurate drawings • On the Workings of the Human Body, 1543 • English physician, early 1600s • Observed, explained workings of human heart • Described blood, circulatory system functions Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry Just as astronomers moved away from the works of ancient Greeks, other scientists used the scientific method to acquire new knowledge and make great discoveries in the fields of Biology and Chemistry.

20. Antony van Leeuwenhoek • Dutch scientist, 1600s • Used interest in developing magnifying lens to invent microscope • First to describe appearance of bacteria, red blood cells, yeast, other microorganisms • Robert Hooke • English physician, inventor • Used early microscope to describe appearance of plants at microscopic level • Credited with creating the term cell

21. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier Robert Boyle • French chemist, 1700s • Developed methods for precise measurements • Discovered law of Conservation of Mass, proved matter could not be created, destroyed • Recognized, named oxygen, introduced metric system, invented first periodic table • Father of modern chemistry • First to define element • The Sceptical Chemist, 1661, described matter as cluster of tiny particles (now called atoms) • Changes in matter occurred when clusters rearranged • Boyle’s law - temperature, volume, pressure affect gases Chemistry

22. Isaac Newton and Links the Sciences The Renaissance and Reformation Isaac Newton came up with the theory that gravity keeps planets in their orbits around the sun. He used physics and astronomy to determine that nature follows uniform laws. Color Transparency 76: Holbein’s The Ambassador Section 5: The Scientific Revolution QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency QuickTake Chapter Test 3 of 6

23. Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Math • More support • Italian scientist Galileo Galilei • Built first telescope used for astronomy • Scanned heavens beginning in 1609 • Starry Messenger • Galileo described discoveries • Craters on moon, sunspots • Saturn, moons of Jupiter • Milky Way made up of stars • Change in science world • Isaac Newton, English scientist • Brought together astronomy, physics, math • Wondered about gravity • Principia • Book explained law of universal gravitation • Gravity affects objects on earth, also in universe • Keeps planets in orbit

24. Newton developed calculus, new kind of math Used calculus to predict effects of gravity German philosopher Gottfried von Leibniz also developed calculus at same time Each accused the other of plagiarism Historians believe it was simple case of independent discovery Newton’s Findings

25. Scientific Revolution established new way of thinking about physical world Great advances made in astronomy, physics, biology, chemistry Advances influenced developments in arts, architecture Impact of Scientific Revolution soon would cause philosophers, scholars to wonder if reason could solve poverty, war, ignorance Science and Community

27. Draw Conclusions How did the Scientific Revolution have an impact beyond the realm of science? Answer(s): led people to question the Church; inspired great artistic achievements; led to new ideas about government, religion, education, and economics.

28. The Renaissance and Reformation: Section 5 Note Taking Transparency 105 4 of 6

29. The Renaissance and Reformation: Section 5 Progress Monitoring Transparency 6 of 6