Plant Types/ Parts and Functions

1. Plant Types/Parts and Functions

2. Plants: Grouped by characteristics • Vascular • Three main parts: roots, stems and leaves • Roots can be different sizes: • Fibrous and tap roots • Storage roots; beets, carrots, sweet potatoes and turnips • Roots have different functions: anchoring the plant, taking in water and minerals, and store food. • Nonvascular • Simple; most grow in moist places • No vascular tissues.

3. Two Types of Plants • Angiosperms are fruit or flower bearing. • Gymnosperms are naked seeds and cone bearing.

4. Angiosperms • Two Groups: Monocots and Dicots

5. Parts of The Plant • Roots • Leaves • Stem • Flower • Seed Image found at: www.webinstituteforteachers.org

6. Roots • 2 Types of Root Systems • Taproot • Fibrous System Image found at: http://www.puc.edu

7. Roots Taproot System Primary roots grow down from the stem with some secondary roots forming Image found at: http://www.arboretum.fullerton.edu

8. Roots Fibrous Root System Small lateral roots that spread out just below the soil surface Image found at: www.wildmanstevebrill.com

9. Can you identify these root types?

10. Root Functions Roots have 4 primary functions • Absorption of water and nutrients • performed by root hairs • Transportation of water and nutrients to stem • Anchor plant to maintain stability • Store food and water

11. Parts of the Root • Epidermis • Outermost layer of cells, like the skin of the root • Cortex • Tissue inside epidermis that stores starch and other substances for the growth of the root

12. Parts of the Root • Root Cap • Provides protection for the root tip • Root Hairs • Site of absorption • Vascular Tissue • Within cortex, contains cells that transport water, nutrients, and minerals to all parts of the plant Image found at: www.cactus-art.biz Image found at: www.bio.psu.edu

13. Important Functions of Leaves • Photosynthesis • Process that plants use to produce their food • 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Transpiration • Loss of water and exchange of carbon dioxide

14. Leaf Parts • Blade • Main body of leaf • Petiole • Attaches blade to stem • Midrib • Large central vein Image found at: www.yourdictionary.com

15. Leaf Parts • Apex • Tip of leaf • Base • Attaches to petiole – if petiole is absent, attaches directly to stem • Margin • Edge of leaf • Epidermis • “Skin” of leaf - responsible for gas exchange • Stomata • Outside layer of leaf opening in epidermis where gas and water exchange • Mesophyll • Middle layer of leaf where photosynthesis occurs

16. Functions of the Stem • Transport water and nutrients from roots to leaves • Supports leaves, fruit, and flowers • Food storage Image found at: www.karencarr.com

17. Parts of the Stem • Node • Areas where side branches and leaves develop • Internode • Area between nodes • Xylem • Carries nutrients up • Phloem • Carries nutrients down • Pith • Stores food Image found at: www.ext.colostate.edu

18. Flower Function Sexual Reproduction!!!! • Flowers are pollinated by: • Wind • Insects • Birds

19. Flower Parts • Pistil • Female part of plant • Containing: • Stigma • Style • Ovary Image found at: www.howe.k12.ok.us

20. Flower Parts • Stamen • Male reproductive part • Contains • Anther • Filament Image found at: www.botanyworld.com

21. Flower Parts • Petals • Highly colored part of the flower, may contain perfume and/or nectar glands • Sepals • Small green structures on the base of a flower that protect the flower bud Image found at: http://biology.clc.uc.edu

22. Parts of the Seed • Embryo • Growing part of seed containing: • Plumule – “Shoot” • Hypocotyl – Stem • Radical – “Root” • Endosperm • Tissue that provides nutrition for the developing seed • Cotyledon • Food Storage • Seed Coat • Protective outer covering of the seed

23. Parts of the Seed Image found at: www.puc.edu

24. Pollination • Flowering plants use the wind, insects, bats, birds and mammals to transfer pollen from the male (stamen) part of the flower to the female (stigma) part of the flower.

25. Pollination • A flower is pollinated when a pollen grain lands on its stigma. • Each carpel grows into a fruit which contains the seeds.

26. Fertilisation • Pollen grains germinate on the stigma, growing down the style to reach an ovule. • Fertilised ovules develop into seeds. • The carpel enlarges to form the flesh of the fruit and to protect the ovary.

27. Wind pollination • Some flowers, such as grasses, do not have brightly coloured petals and nectar to attract insects. • They do have stamens and carpels. • These flowers are pollinated by the wind.

28. Seed dispersal Seeds are dispersed in many different ways: • Wind • Explosion • Water • Animals • Birds • Scatter

29. How birds and animals help seed dispersal • Some seeds are hidden in the ground as a winter store. • Some fruits have hooks on them and cling to fur or clothes.

30. How birds and animals help seed dispersal • Birds and animals eat the fruits and excrete the seeds away from the parent plant.

31. Physical Adaptations Allowing Plants to Survive on Land • Cuticle – waxy covering of leaf for water loss protection • Spores and Seeds – reproductive cell protection • Tissue for absorbing and transporting materials • Spines and needles making ingestion difficult. • Storing water in stem as a cactus does.

32. Cuticle Waxy coating preventing water loss

33. Seeds Embryo surrounded by a protective coating

34. Moss (Spores) Haploid reproductive cell surrounded by a hard outer wall

35. Foxglove plant produces a chemical affecting the heart

36. Poison Ivy

37. Chemical Adaptations Allowing Plants to Survive • Chemicals that are toxic and can kill organisms eating them • Foul odor • Bitter taste • Toxicity