Observations vs Theory

1. JETS AND TORI IN PROTO-PNE Observations vs Theory Patrick Huggins New York University

2. Outline: two questions • Part I. Observations: Are jets and tori related ? • examine time domain • find evidence for a torus-jet sequence • Part II. What are the implications for jet formation scenarios ?

3. Jets and tori are traumatic events in the AGB—PN transition Example: AFGL 618 (Trammell & Goodrich 2002) High velocity jets, well-defined tips plus a dense torus – the last major mass ejection How do we investigate the ejection sequence ? Determine the age of each component

4. Expansion Ages • Expansion age of jets • t jet = r / V optical or molecular lines need tilt • or from optical proper motions of tip • Expansion age of torus • t torus = r / V molecular* lines need high resolution & tilt use peak or mean for r *important Note: The tori in some cases may be more spherical with the holes pierced by the jets. Soker & Rappaport (2000) argued that the tori are formed by jets snow-plowing the AGB wind: but the high masses and high mass-loss rates argue for something different.

5. M 1-16 KjPn 8 100” x 60” 900” x 360” HaLopez 97 40” x 40” Ha Schwarz 92 12” x 12” CO 2-1 CO 1-0 Huggins et al. 04 Forveille et al. 98

6. Summary of Observations young PN AGB low V torus DATA: Forveille et al. 1998, Meaburn 1997, Huggins et al. 2000, Schwarz 1992, Zweigle et al. 1997, Schwarz et al. 1997, Bujarrabal et al. 1998, Alcolea et al. 2007, Castro-Carrizo et al. 2002, Huggins et al. 2004, Riera et al. 2003, Hirano et al. 2004, Cox et al. 2003, Trammell & Goodrich 2002, Sanchez Contreras et al. 2004, Chiu et al. 2006

7. Expansion Ages of Jets and Tori • Jets & tori nearly simultaneous • Jets appear slightly younger • t tori & t jets likely* ~ true ages If so, jets occur later jet-lag ~ 300 yrpower-up or accretion time? • If jets accelerate: look younger could be simul. – not likely for ensemble • If jets decelerate: look older jet-lag is longer error bars: inclinations, proper motions, or resolution * Tori are massive with low velocities Well-studied jets typically exhibit Hubble flows

8. Evolutionary Sequence jets tori Dt ~ Dr / Vtorus now All cases are similar: jets are launched with or shortly after torus ejection

9. Current popular theoretical ingredients mhd jets – disks primary/secondary – common envelopes Lead to four basic jet formation scenarios: mhd winds of single stars binary accretion disks winds/explosions of spun-up stars disks around the primary cores Part II: Implications of These Results for Theory Each scenario has specific implications for torus formation That we can test

10. 1. Magnetic winds from single stars? • Current models • can produce jets • unclear if they can produce sudden jets • recent models* do not produce co-ordinated jets and tori — dense equators are input independently • evaluation: do not adequately produce jet-torus relations found here *Garcia-Segura et al. (2005)

11. 2. Accretion disks of binary companions? • Natural mechanism for the mass in equatorial plane • Natural causal and temporal relation of torus to jets: • enhanced mass-loss feeds accretion disk: disk makes jets • Natural explanation of jet-lag • time to spiral into companion • reasonable parameters give ~ 100 yr • Q: No general explanation for onset of discrete torus • could be tidal spin-up of the primary – needs futher study viscous accretion time ? Morris (1987), Soker & Rappaport (2000)

12. 3. Magnetic/hydro effects in common envelopes? • MHD wind from spin-up + CE ejection • expect short time scales: can it produce jet-lag ? • can CE ejection produce low velocity tori ? • Variation: CE MHD explosion for jets and torus • expect short time scales: can it produce jet-lag ? • can explosions produce low velocity tori ? • Hybrid: companion accretion disk CE ejection • wrong sequence ! ? ? Nordhaus & Blackman (2006), Matt et al. (2006)

13. 4. Accretion disks around the primary? • (Low mass comp.) CE primary accretion disk later nebula ejection • jets and tori un-coordinated ! • wrong sequence ! • (Intermed. mass comp.) CE ejection primary accretion disk • correct sequence • short time scale: jet-lag ? • CE ejection RLOF of secondary to form primary accretion disk • correct sequence • expected time scale too long ! ? Soker & Livio (1994), Soker (1996), Reyes-Ruiz & Lopez (1999), Nordhaus & Blackman (2006)

14. Summary • Jets and tori are nearly simultaneous • Evidence for a torus-jet sequence with jet-lag • Results constrain scenarios • Question: can CE ejection/explosions explain low velocity of tori ?