Population Geography

1. Population Geography Migration

2. What is migration? • A movement • Change of home • Can be: • Temporary • Seasonal • Daily • Permanent • Between countries • Within a country Migration

3. Types of Population Movement Migration

4. Chain Migration • Chain migration refers to the mechanism by which foreign nationals immigrate by virtue of family reunification. • A migration process which depends on a small number of pioneers, who make the first moves to set up a new home in a new place. They send information back home, and this encourages further migration from the originating area. Migration

5. Circular migration • Circular migration in global context is used as a triple win discourse promising gains for host countries, home countries and migrants themselves, promising accelerated economic growth, remittances, relative high wages and brain gain, by means of full circles of migration: immigrants should be able to come, go and come back again, without many restrictions and making use of contemporary transnational networks. (Bieckmann and Muskens, 2007). • Circular migration in urban context is a form of migration by which migrants move to the city for a few months and then return to the village when they can be most useful there. It is often part of a larger household strategy that seeks to diversify income streams and maximize consumption. Migration

6. Mathematical Migration ModelsGravity Model (based on Ravenstein’s laws of migration 1885) • Suggests • migrants tend to move over short distances • Number of migrants decrease as distance increases • Called distance decay effect • The volume of migration is inversely proportional to the distance traveled, and directly proportional to the relative sizes of the origin and destination places Number of people (level of interaction) Distance The distance decay effect Migration

7. The movement of people between 2 places is dependent upon the type and number of intervening opportunities between them. Mathematical Migration ModelsStouffer’s intervening opportunity model Migration

8. Migration Model (Jones & Hornsby) Forced migration barriers Country/area of origin voluntary migration Country/area of destination barriers return migration Migration

9. Religious: Jews Pilgrim fathers to New England Wars: Muslims & Indus in India & Pakistan; Rwanda Political Persecution: Ugandan Asians Slaves or forced labor: Africans to SE USA Lack of food and Famine: Ethiopians into the Sudan Natural Disasters: floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions (Mount Pinatubo) Overpopulation: Chinese in SE Asia Redevelopment: British inner-city slum clearance, ujamaa in Tanzania Resettlement: Native Americans (USA), Blacks (RSA) Environmental: Chernobyl (Ukraine) Jobs: Turks into Germany, Mexicans into California Higher salaries: British doctors to USA Tax avoidance: British pop/rock & film stars to USA Opening up of new areas: Israelis into Negev Desert, Brasilia Territorial Expansion: Portuguese into Angola & Mozambique Trade & economic expansion: former British colonies Retirement to warmer climates: Americans to Florida Social amenities & services: better schools, hospitals and entertainment Forced vs. Voluntary Migration Migration

10. Migration Model (Jones & Hornsby) Forced migration barriers Country/area of origin voluntary migration Country/area of destination barriers return migration Migration

11. to Voluntary migration Government restrictions: immigration quotas, work permits, Berlin wall Lack of money: unable to afford transport to & housing in new areas Lack of skills & education Lack of awareness of opportunities Illness Threat of family division & heavy family responsibilities to Return Insufficient money to afford transport Standard of living lower in original area Racial, religious or political problems in original area Barriers to movement Migration

12. Migration Model (Jones & Hornsby) Forced migration barriers Country/area of origin voluntary migration Country/area of destination barriers return migration Migration

13. Reasons to return • Racial tension in new area • Earned enough money to return • To be reunited with family • Foreign culture proved unacceptable • Causes of initial migration removed (political or religious persecution) Migration

14. Factors influencing migration Migration

15. Consequences of Migration These can be subdivided into 3 categories: • 1. Demographic Consequences: • * Changes in the numbers and distribution of people within a region are changed. • * Intermarriages are created, leading to a new group of people. • 2. Social Consequences: • * Migration brings different people together leading to conflicts. • * Migration however also creates understanding between different groups of people. • * Rural-Urban migration creates ghettoes (favelas, squatter camps, shanty towns) in cities. • 3. Economic Consequences: • * This depends on the "quality" of the migrants and the economic needs of the origin and destination. Quality refers to skills, age, educational attainment, health etc. • * In overpopulated areas, emigration is beneficial because it reduces the pressure on the land. • * In underpopulated areas, emigration may slow down development. Migration

16. Migrant Workersadvantages & disadvantages to ‘losing’ countries Migration

17. Migrant Workersadvantages & disadvantages to ‘receiving’ (host) countries Migration