Neurology

1. Neurology Study of the Nerve (Nervous System)

2. Neurology Objectives: • To be able to identify different structures of the brain and nerves. • To explain the functions of the nervous system. • To explain how memory, emotions, consciousness, sleep, communication, and nerves work. • To relate the functions of the brain to disorders and items that alter brain function.

3. What does the brain do? • It gives the signals that make our bodies move. • It has our heart beat faster when needed. • It is our creativity, intelligence, memory, emotions, personality. • It interprets what we see, hear, taste, smell and touch.

4. Brain function • Linked to nerves and sensors in the nervous system • Also works with the endocrine system • Regulate growth • Regulate reproduction • Etc.

5. Reading Assignment • Read: “Memory and emotions” • Highlight/underline a minimum of 3 items • Make comments in the margin about the items you picked

6. Emotions • Limbic system and hypothalamus play a major role in our emotions • Autonomic nervous system • Releasing hormones into the pituitary gland • Common Emotions: • Anger • Disappointment • Happiness • Sadness • Excitement

7. Limbic System (Part 1) • Controls our pleasure and pain • Guards against dangerous situations • Controls sexual instincts

8. Limbic System (Part 2) • Parts of the brain: • Cingulate gyrus • modifies behavior/emotions • Fornix • nerves linking different parts • Amygdala • fear of danger/falling/being attacked • Hippocampus • memory

9. Memory • Sensory Memory • Keeps memories for seconds • Sights/sounds • Short-term Memory • Keeps memories for minutes to hours • Long-term Memory • Consolidation occurs where short-term items are transferred by the hippocampus to long-term memory • 3 forms (next slide)

10. Long-Term Memory • Procedural Memory • Skill learned through practice • Semantic Memory • Words, language, facts, meanings • Episodic Memory • Events

11. Learning • All of our knowledge is learned • Memorize facts and figures • Vocabulary • Most of our behavior is learned • Mannerisms • Tone and inflection of voice • Table manners

12. Questions to Answer: • How does an infant learn something? • How do young adults learn things? • What is needed in order for something to enter our long-term memory?

13. Reading Assignment • Read: “Consciousness and Sleep” • Highlight/underline a minimum of 3 items • Make comments in the margin about the items you picked

14. Being Alert (versus asleep) • Reticular Activating System (RAS) • Located in the brain stem • Neurons reach deep into the cortex of the brain • Receive input from eyes/ears/spinal cord • Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine • Alertness and concentration • Serotonin • Sleep and mood • Dopamine • Regulates movements

15. Sleep • “Regeneration Cycle” • Allows the body to rest • Adults need 3-4 hours of sleep a night (most get 7-8) • Infants and young children need MUCH more (16-20) • Teens need approximately 8-10 hours a night • Thought patterns are separated from the world • Gives the brain time to sort and store information • Allows for “housekeeping” – efficient memory storage • Triggered and maintained by neurotransmitters that are released by the RAS

16. Brain Waves • Electroencephalograph • Record of the electricity of the brain • Three different types: • Alpha Waves • Beta Waves • Delta Waves

17. Alpha Waves • Occur when brain is awake but relaxed

18. Beta Waves • Occur during intense activity

19. Delta Waves • Occur during deep sleep

20. Sleep Patterns • NREM Sleep • Stands for non-rapid eye movement sleep • Stages 1 – 4 • Sleeper moves about but brain activity is very low. • REM Sleep • Stands for rapid eye movement sleep • Body does not move (immobile), eyes move a lot

21. Stages of Sleep • NREM Sleep: Stage 1 • EEG • Alpha waves • Body is relaxed • Person easily roused (wakes if disturbed)

22. Stages of Sleep • NREM Sleep: Stage 2 • EEG • Irregular • Difficult to rouse sleeper

23. Stages of Sleep • NREM Sleep: Stage 3 • EEG • Delta waves begin to appear • Decrease in vitals • Breathing • Heart rate • Body temperature

24. Stages of Sleep • NREM Sleep: Stage 4 • EEG • Delta waves prominent • Vital Signs are at their lowest • Difficult to arouse sleeper

25. Stages of Sleep • REM Sleep • EEG • Alpha Waves appear • Vital signs increase • Skeletal muscles inhibited (do not move) • Dreaming Occurs

26. Dreams • Almost everyone dreams (however, we may forget them) • Possible reasons why we dream • Results of nerve cells firing at random • Plays a part in memory storage • Old being removed, new ones being filed • Reveal hidden anxieties • Be a window into human subconscious • Austrian doctor Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

27. Questions to Answer: • What is the purpose of sleep? • What triggers our brain to sleep? • How many hours a night does a teen NEED to sleep? • Describe a typical sleep pattern. • When do we dream? • Describe the three explanations for why we dream. Which one do you think is the most plausible and why?

28. Reading Assignment • Read: “Nervous System” • Highlight/underline a minimum of 3 items • Make comments in the margin about the items you picked

29. Nervous System • Most complex system in our body

30. Communication Network • Controls everything along with the endocrine system

31. Nervous System Functions • Sensory • Notices changes inside and outside of the body • Eyes, ears, pressure/pain receptors, chemicals • Integrative • Analyzes sensory information • Modifies or begins a response • Motor • Stimulate or inhibit muscles and glands

32. Central Nervous System • Abbreviation: CNS • Command center of the nervous system • Consists of: Brain and spinal cord • Coordinates all activities • Analyzes signals and based on past experiences, sends out instructions

33. Peripheral Nervous System • Abbreviation: PNS • Relay’s messages between the CNS and body • Made up of bundles of nerves • Has 3 divisions: • Sensory • Somatic • Autonomic

34. Sensory Division • Gathers information from sensors to update the CNS

35. Somatic Division • Conscious control of skeletal muscles

36. Autonomic Division • Internal organs controlled

37. Neuron Basics • Neurons are also called Nerve Cells • Carry electrical impulses to other nerves • Electricity “jumps” from one neuron to another at a chemical junction called a synapse.

38. Rapid Response • Nerves communicate fast! • 330 feet per second • Millions of signals occur at one time.

39. Questions to Answer: • What are the two divisions of the Nervous system? And what are they composed of? • Why is the autonomic division of the nervous system important? Give an example • Using a soccer player as an example, give an example of 8 different things that the nervous system does to help the player perform.

40. Reading Assignment • Read: “The Brain” • Highlight/underline a minimum of 3 items • Make comments in the margin about the items you picked

41. The Brain • Weighs approximately 1.4 kilograms (3 pounds) • Control center of the body • 100 billion neurons • 1 trillion synapses • Energy demanding • Uses 1/5 of the body’s oxygen and yet is only 2 % of the total body weight • Brain gets energy/oxygen 1st when there is a high demand

42. Cerebrum - Forebrain Part 1 • Largest part of the brain – 85% of brain’s weight • Made up of White and Gray matter

43. Cerebrum - Forebrain Part 2 • Thalamus • Relays sensory nerve impulses to the cerebral cortex • Hypothalamus • Controls endocrine system and regulates sleep • Corpus Callosum • Bundle of axons (part of the nerve) and connects the right and left hemispheres

44. Cerebrum - Forebrain Part 3 • Frontal Lobe • Thought, emotion, speech, skilled movements • Located in front of the central sulcus • Parietal Lobe • Perceives sensations (touch, pain) • Located between the frontal and occipital lobe and above the Sylvian fissure • Occipital Lobe • Detects and interprets visual images • Located behind the parietal lobe (back of the head) • Temporal Lobe • Recognizes sounds, memory storage • Located on the sides of the head, near the temples, below the Sylvian fissure

45. White and Gray Matter • White Matter • Made up of Nerve Fibers (Cells) • Gray Matter • Controls higher brain functions (thought) • Cerebral Cortex

46. Brain Stem • Connects the Cerebrum (Forebrain) to the spinal cord • Relays nerve impulses between the brain and spinal cord • Controls heart rate and breathing • Made up of three parts: • Midbrain – upper portion • Pons - middle • Medulla – connects to spinal cord

47. Cerebellum • Means “little brain” • Located under the Cerebrum and behind the brain stem • Controls muscle movement and balance

48. Brain Protection Part 1 • Skull • Bone

49. Brain Protection Part 2 • 3 meninges (membranes) • Pia Mater – surface of the brain • Arachnoid - middle • Dura Mater – surface of the skull

50. Brain Protection Part 3 • Cerebrospinal Fluid • Found in the subarachnoid space (Between the Pia Mater and Arachnoid) • Nourishes the brain • Protects the brain (cushion)