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98 年專科護理師訓練 神經系統常見問題之評估 ( 一 )

98 年專科護理師訓練 神經系統常見問題之評估 ( 一 ). 頭痛 Headache 頭暈 Dizziness. 成大醫院神經科 黃涵薇醫師. 頭痛 Headache. Pain-sensitive cranial structures. 顱外 Skin, subcutaneous tissues, muscles extracranial arteries, periosteum of skull Eye, ear nasal cavities perinasal sinuses 顱內 血管

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98 年專科護理師訓練 神經系統常見問題之評估 ( 一 )

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  1. 98年專科護理師訓練神經系統常見問題之評估 (一) 頭痛 Headache 頭暈 Dizziness 成大醫院神經科 黃涵薇醫師

  2. 頭痛 Headache

  3. Pain-sensitive cranial structures • 顱外 • Skin, subcutaneous tissues, muscles extracranial arteries, periosteum of skull • Eye, ear nasal cavities perinasal sinuses • 顱內 • 血管 • Intracranial venous sinuses and their large tributaries, esp. pericavernous structures • Arteries within the dura and pia-subarachnoid, particulary the proximal parts of the ACA, MCA and the intracranial segment of ICA • The middle meningeal and superficial temporal arteries • 腦膜 • Parts of the dura at the base of the brain • 顱神經 • The optic, oculomotor, trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, vagus, (and the first three cervical nerves)

  4. Areas of refer pain from intracranial structures • From supratentorial structures • Anterior 2/3 of head (V1, V2 dermatones) • From infratenotrial structures • Vertex, posterior head and neck • From VII, IX, X cranial nerves • Naso-orbital region, ear, throat Pain from extracrainal part of body NOT refer to head, EXCEPT • Cervical portion of ICA • Eyebrow, supraorbital region • Upper cervical spine • occiput • Angina pectoris (rare) • Jaw, vertex

  5. 「國際頭痛疾病分類」 ICHD (International Classification of Headache Disorders) • 第一版在1988年公布,第二版於2004年刊登於Cephalalgia雜誌。 • 不論是中文版或英文版的「國際頭痛疾病分類」都長達一百五十頁以上 ! • 在英文版第二版中,作者建議-「這份內容龐大的分類文件不是用來背的,這是一份須要一次又一次不斷查看的文件。」

  6. 頭痛 Headache • 原發性 (Primary) • 次發性 (Secondary) • 以決定頭痛的原因及訂定適切的治療計畫

  7. 原發性頭痛 (primary headache) • 意謂頭痛本身即為痛的成因。 • 超過百分之九十的頭痛患者屬於此類。 • 重點就是排除次發性的可能。

  8. 無預兆偏頭痛 Migraine without aura A. 至少有5次能符合基準B-D的發作 B.頭痛發作持續4-72小時 (未經治療或治療無效) C. 頭痛至少具下列二項特徵: 1. 單側 2. 搏動性 3. 疼痛程度中或重度 4. 日常活動會使頭痛加劇或避免此類活動(如走路或爬樓梯) D. 當頭痛發作時至少有下列一項: 1. 噁心及/或嘔吐 2. 畏光及怕吵 E. 非歸因於其他疾患

  9. 典型預兆偏頭痛性頭痛 Typical aura with migraine headache A. 至少有2次符合基準B-D的發作 B. 預兆至少包括下列一項,但無肢體無力: 1. 完全可逆視覺症狀,包括正向特徵 (如:閃爍的光、點或線) 及/或負向特徵 (即視力喪失) 2. 完全可逆感覺症狀,包括正向特徵 (即針刺感)及/或負向特徵 (即麻木感) 3. 完全可逆失語性語言障礙 C. 至少具下列2項: 1.單側的視覺症狀及/或單側感覺症狀 2. 至少一種預兆症狀在≧5分鐘逐漸產生,及/或不同預兆症狀,在≧5分鐘相繼發生 3. 每一種症狀持續≧5及≦60分鐘 D. 符合無預兆偏頭痛 基準B-D的頭痛,在預兆同時或預兆之後的60分鐘內發生 E. 非歸因於其他疾患

  10. 緊縮型頭痛Tension-type headache A. Frequent: 至少有十次能符合基準B-D之發作,且發作平均每月≧1日但<15日,已至少三個月(每年≧12日且<180日, 頭痛持續30分鐘至7日 Chronic: 頭痛平均發作每月≧15日,已>3個月(每年≧180日)且符合基準B-D, 頭痛持續數小時或可能持續不斷 B.頭痛至少具下列二項特徵: 1. 雙側 2. 壓迫/緊縮性(非搏動性) 3.程度輕或中度 4.不因日常活動如走路或爬樓梯而加劇 C.下列兩項皆符合: 1. 無噁心或嘔吐(可能有食慾不振) 2. 最多只有畏光或怕吵其中一項症狀 D. 非歸因於其他疾患

  11. 叢發性頭痛 Cluster headache A. 至少有5次符合基準B-D之發作 B. 位於單側眼眶、上眼眶及/或顳部重度或極重度疼痛,如不治療可持續15至180分鐘 C.頭痛時至少伴隨下列一項: 1. 同側結膜充血及/或流淚 2. 同側鼻腔充血及/或流鼻水 3. 同側眼皮水腫 4. 同側前額及臉部出汗 5. 同側瞳孔縮小及/或眼皮下垂 6. 不安的感覺或躁動 D. 發作頻率為每二日一次至每日八次 E. 非歸因於其他疾患

  12. 典型三叉神經痛Classical trigeminal neuralgia A. 發作性 (paroxysmal) 疼痛發作,持續由不到一秒到兩分鐘,影響三叉神經一支或一支以上分支的支配區,且符合基準B及C B. 疼痛至少具下列一項特徵: 1. 劇烈、尖銳、表淺或刺戳痛 2. 於誘發區引發或由誘因引發 C. 就個別病人而言,疼痛的發作型態是固定 (stereotyped) 的 D. 沒有神經功能缺損的臨床證據 E. 非歸因於其他疾患

  13. 次發性頭痛 (Secondary headache) • 意謂頭痛由其他原因所引起 • 頭部與頸部外傷 • 顱部或頸部血管疾患 • 非血管性顱內疾患 • 物質或物質戒斷 • 感染 • 體內恆定疾患 • 頭顱,頸,眼,鼻,耳,口,鼻竇,牙或其他面部或顱部結構疾患 • 精神疾患 「國際頭痛疾病分類」 ICHD II • 需治療引起頭痛之原因。

  14. 與腦瘤相關的頭痛 • The pain has no specific features • tend to be deep-seated, usually non-throbbing • Lasts a few minutes to an hour or more • Occur once or many times during a day • Physical activity and changes in position of the head may provoke pain, whereas rest diminishes its frequency • If unilateral , the pain is nearly always on the same side of tumor • Supratentorial/infratentorial tumor 的頭痛以interauricular circumference為分界 • Late stage, IICP leads to • Unilateral to bioccipital or bifrontal headache, nocturnal awakening, projectile vomiting

  15. 25% stroke with headache around the onset 50% headache onset prior to the neurological deficits pressing or throbbing If unilateral, pain is usually ipsilateral to the side of stroke More in large stroke posterior circulation with a history of primary headache 與中風相關的頭痛

  16. 老年人的特殊頭痛 • Temporal arteritis (Giant cell arteritis) • 肇因於頭部動脈的發炎, 多是外頸動脈的分支 • 頭皮動脈腫脹壓痛併ESR或CRP上升 • 可能伴隨polymyalgia rheumatica及jaw claudication • 變異性大, 故凡是60歲以上新發的持續性頭痛均需懷疑此診斷, 進行適當的診察 • 易併發前側缺血性視神經病變(anterior ischemic optic neuropathy)導致失明, 由一側失明進展至另一側的時間小於一週 • 需積極用高劑量類固醇預防治療, 治療三天內顯著緩解頭痛 • 通常也有腦部缺血及失智的危險 • Hypnic headache • 鈍痛, 只在睡眠中發生, 使病人醒來 • 三項中具其二 • 首次發作在50歲以後, 醒來後頭痛持續15分鐘以上, 一個月發生15次以上 • 無自主神經系統症狀, 且噁心, 畏光, 怕吵不超過一項

  17. ”雷擊般頭痛” Thunderclap headache • Subarachnoid hemorrhage • Sentinel leak • Acute hypertensive crisis • Cervical artery dissection • Pituitary hypoplexy • Cerebral spasm • Primary thunderclap headache • Primary cough headache • Primary headache associated with sexual activity • Cerebral venous thrombosis

  18. 需懷疑顱內高壓之頭痛 IICP Headache • Symptoms • 廣泛性脹痛, 平躺更易頭痛 • Valsalva maneuver會更痛 • 半夜痛醒 (nocturnal awakening) • 噴射性嘔吐 (projectile vomiting) • IICP Signs • 視乳頭水腫 (papilloedema) • 盲點擴大 • 視野缺損 • 第六對腦神經痲痺 • 臥姿經腰椎穿刺測量出腦脊髓液壓力增加 (在非肥胖者>200mm H2O;在肥胖者>250mm H2O) • Cushing response • Hypertension, bradycardia, slow and irregular breathing

  19. 腦脊髓液低壓之頭痛 Intracranial hypotension A. 整個頭(diffuse)及/或鈍痛,在坐起或站立後15分鐘內惡化,至少具下列一項,且符合基準D: 1. 頸部僵硬 2. 耳鳴 3. 聽力障礙 4. 畏光 5. 噁心 B. 至少具下列一項: 1. MRI有腦脊髓液低壓的證據(如:硬腦膜對比增強) 2. 傳統脊髓攝影、CT脊髓攝影、或腦池攝影術證實有腦脊髓液滲漏 3. 在坐姿,腦脊髓液起始壓力<60mm H2O C. 有/無硬腦膜穿刺或導致腦脊髓液瘻管病因等病史 D. 頭痛在硬腦膜外血液貼片後72小時內緩解

  20. 原發性頭痛和次發性頭痛可以並存 !

  21. Approach patients with headache

  22. Head Ache …有關頭痛需要獲得的病史 • Location • Quality • Tightness, pressure, throbbing, stabbing… • Intensity • Mode of onset, time-intensity curve, and duration • Precipitating, aggravating and relieving factors • Associative symptoms

  23. 評估頭痛的嚴重程度 • 目測類比量表(Visual analogue scale ,VAS) • 區分頭痛為十級,即1至10分。 • 「0」代表沒有頭痛、「10」代表這一輩子最嚴重的疼痛。 • 概括而言1到3分表示「輕度」,4到6分表「中度」,7到9分表「重度」,而10分表示「極重度」。

  24. SNOOPMaria-Carman B. Wilson, MD. • Symptoms(症狀)如發燒,倦怠,體重減輕 • Neurological(神經學)症狀或徵象 • Onset(發生)突然,快速惡化 • Older(年紀大的病患)出現新發生或逐漸惡化之頭痛 • Previous(原先)頭痛的頻率、強度、時程、特色改變 

  25. 焦點病史  • 病人這種頭痛有多久了? • 長時間持續多年且未曾改變的頭痛常為原發性頭痛,如偏頭痛。 • 新頭痛的發生,特別是超過50歲,則是個警訊。 • 若病人已有多年頭痛,它改變了嗎? • 了解原本頭痛的改變,包括頻率、強度、時程等不同的特徵。

  26. 何時頭痛發生? • 夜間頭痛可能是次發性,導因於某些引起顱內壓上昇的情形。有些時候,剛睡醒時也會有次發性頭痛。因為這些相似性,頭痛發生的時間需進一步探討來決定原發或次發。 • 睡眠時發生的頭痛可以是原發的。叢發性頭痛及偏頭痛都可在睡眠時發生或將人痛醒。

  27. 頭痛是突發或慢慢發生? • 對於數秒或數分鐘即痛到最痛者,可能會評估是否有潛在疾患如腦出血、栓塞、顱內壓上昇等情形。 • 原發性頭痛,包括不明原因(idiopathic)、刺戳性(stabbing)頭痛、咳嗽或用力(exertion)引起的、和性交有關的、叢發性及叢發類(variant),都可以快速發生。

  28. 是否曾注意到下列神經學症狀:意識混亂、意識不清、麻木、無力、言語視力或平衡因難、或其他神經學不正常的症狀及徵象?是否曾注意到下列神經學症狀:意識混亂、意識不清、麻木、無力、言語視力或平衡因難、或其他神經學不正常的症狀及徵象? • 若在偏頭痛發生前產生這些症狀,病人可能符合預兆偏頭痛。然而,必須區分不符合典型預兆偏頭痛的症狀及徵象,因此會仔細的詢問相關病史看看是否這些症狀指向其他問題。

  29. 若病人曾經歷過預兆,它是如何發生又持續多久?若病人曾經歷過預兆,它是如何發生又持續多久? • 偏頭痛預兆通常在數分鐘內逐漸產生,約在15至20分鐘達到頂峰後,約25分鐘消失。 • 依定義,偏頭痛預兆小於一小時。若預兆超過一小時,需小心是否為migraineous infarct。 • 是否曾經歷發燒、倦怠、體重減輕或全身不適? • 這些症狀可能和潛在的感染、發炎或惡性腫瘤有關,可能有進一步檢查的必要

  30. 焦點身體檢查 • Physical examination • T/P/R and BP • Head and neck • Local heat/swelling/erythema • Local tenderness / knocking pain • Eyes injection/ bruit • Neck bruit • Neck stiffness

  31. Neurological examination • Consciousness level / content • Cranial nerves • Pupil size, light reflex, (eye fundus) • EOM limitation • Facial palsy, gag reflex, tongue deviation • Motor system • Muscle power • DTR • Sensory system • Pinprick, light touch • Coordination system • F-N-F / H-K-S test • Gait

  32. III, IV, VI 眼動神經 • 眼皮下垂 ptosis • partial / complete • 眼動是否對稱, 有無雙影 0正常~ -4不動 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

  33. 肌力 Muscle Power • 5分: 正常 • 4分: 抗阻力 • 3分: 抗重力 • 2分: 平移 • 1分: 肌肉收縮 • 0分: 不動 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

  34. 肌腱反射 DTR (deep tendon reflex) • Hypo • 0~1 • Low motor neuron lesion • Normal • 2 • Hyper • 3~clonus • Upper motor neuron lesion ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ↓ ↑

  35. 實驗室與診斷檢查 • 血液檢查 • 影像學檢查 • CT or MRI ? • CTA/MRA or conventional angiography ? • 腦脊髓液檢查 • Open / close pressure • CSF appearance • WBC, RBC, total protein, lactic acid, glucose • Culture / antigen identification / PCR

  36. Headache Hygiene Tips (1) • Get Regular Sleep • Go to bed and wake up at regular times each day • Do not sleep excessively on the weekends and too little on the weekdays • Most adults need approximately 6-8 hours of sleep per night • Eat Regular Meals • Low blood sugar can trigger a headache • Eat regular meals three times each day including protein, fruits, vegetables and carbohydrates • Too much sugar may lead to a rapid increase in blood sugar followed by a rapid decline in blood sugar, which can trigger a headache • Get Moderate Amounts of Routine Exercise • Moderate exercise three to five times each week will help reduce stress and keep you physically fit • Too much exercise or inconsistent patterns of exercise may trigger headache

  37. Headache Hygiene Tips (2) • Drink Plenty of Water • A normal adult should drink plenty of water throughout the day • Dehydration may cause headaches • Limit Caffeine, Alcohol and other Drugs • Caffeine is a stimulant and caffeine withdrawal may cause headaches when blood levels of caffeine taper • Alcohol may be a trigger for headaches and alcohol in moderation may reduce the number of headaches • Reduce Stress   • Stress may lead to an increase in headache • Relaxation and stress management may help reduce headaches

  38. Headache - Cases discussion

  39. CASE 1 • 28歲女性 • 主訴: 頭痛三個月 • 現在病史: • 似乎三個月前就開始會頭痛,然後發現次數愈來愈頻繁,也愈痛,尤其最近這兩週較嚴重,甚至胃口不好,吃不下飯。 • 頭痛的部位是整個頭,緊緊脹脹的痛、好像是整圈緊紮的痛,早上睡醒或者好好去睡一覺後,會覺得好一點,經常是越到下午越容易頭痛。但是不曾有半夜痛醒來的經驗。 • 頭痛起來時,並沒有眼前出現閃光,眼睛周圍沒有痛,不會怕光,沒有伴隨嘔吐或噁心,最近視力正常,記憶力也還好。 • 最近沒有感冒、發燒、鼻塞、濃鼻涕,也沒有過敏性鼻炎、鼻竇炎。耳朵也不會痛。手腳活動正常,不會常跌倒 • 最近半年換新工作,因工作還未完全熟悉,且業務量大,常常加班,自覺很辛苦 。 • 身體檢查: • 血壓 136/88 mmHg 心跳 96/min • 意識清醒、記憶正常,神經學檢查一切正常

  40. CASE 2 25 year-old female, no underlying disease • Subacute progressive headache for 2 months • Diffuse, swelling sensation • Cough and defecation worse the headache • Midnight headache, awaking her from sleep • nausea/vomiting while headache • Blurred vision (+) • Body weight loss (+) • Fever (-)

  41. Summary of N.E. & lab • Conscious clear • Neck supple • NE all normal, except papilloedema (OU) • CSF open pressure 310 mmH2O, no cell

  42. Lupus leukoencephalopathy with IICP

  43. 頭暈 Dizziness

  44. 病人主訴Dizziness”頭暈”的意思是…. ? • Vertigo 眩暈 • an illusion of motion • “spinning sensation”, ”whirling” , ”tilting” • likely to indicate an abnormality of the semicircular canals or the central nervous system structures that process signals from the semicircular canals • Nonspecific “dizziness” • “giddy” or “lightheaded” • Disequilibrium • Presyncope

  45. 當病人主訴”頭暈”…. • 40% have peripheral vestibular dysfunction • 25% have other problems, such as presyncope and disequilibrium • 15% have a psychiatric disorder • 10% have a central brainstem vestibular lesion • 10 % remains uncertain in approximately

  46. 區分vertigo和dizziness (1) • Time course • Vertigo is never continuous • Even when the vestibular lesion is permanent, the central nervous system adapts to the defect so that vertigo subsides over several weeks • Provoking factors • Some are precipitated by maneuvers that change head position or middle ear pressure • maneuvers that change head position without lowering blood pressure or decreasing cerebral blood flow is diagnostic • Aggravating factors • All vertigo is made worse by moving the head. • If head motion does not worsen the feeling, it is probably another type of dizziness.

  47. 區分vertigo和dizziness (2) • Associated signs and symptoms  • Nystagmus • is not always readily visible, although it often can be elicited by provocative maneuvers or with electronystagmography. • Postural instability • it is common for patients with vertigo to have difficulty maintaining steady upright posture when walking, standing, and even sitting unsupported, particularly when the symptoms are acute. • Hearing loss • very suggestive of a peripheral cause of vertigo, although their absence does not exclude the diagnosis • Brainstem signs • The presence of additional neurologic signs strongly suggests the presence of a central vestibular lesion.

  48. Peripheral vertigo

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