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Historical Foundations. Chapter 4. Historical Foundations. Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sport’s growth. Identify some of the outstanding leaders in the fields.
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Historical Foundations Chapter 4
Historical Foundations • Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sport’s growth. • Identify some of the outstanding leaders in the fields. • Discuss recent developments in physical education, exercise science, and sport. • Draw implications from history of our fields for the future of physical education, exercise science, and sport
Sport History • Emerged as a subdiscipline in the late 1960s and early 1970s. • “… field of scholarly inquiry with multiple and often intersecting foci, including exercise, the body, play, games, athletics, sports, physical recreations, health, and leisure.” (Struna) • How has the past shaped sport and its experiences today? • 1973: North American Society for Sport History held its first meeting.
Sample Areas of Study... • How did urbanization influence the development of sports in America? • How did the sports activities of Native Americans influence the recreational pursuits of the early colonists? • How have Greek ideals influences the development of sportsmanship? • How did segregation impact sports opportunities for blacks? • What factors influenced the inclusion of physical education in the school curriculum?
Greece • “Golden Age” of physical education and sport • Unity of the mind, body and spirit • “Body beautiful” • Arete – the pursuit of excellence • Vital part of the education of every Greek boy • National festivals • Olympic Games
Rome • Exercise for health and military purposes. • Greek gymnastics were introduced to Rome after the conquest of Greece but were not popular • Rome did not believe in the “body beautiful” • Preferred to be spectators rather than participants • Preferred professionalism to amateurism. • Exciting “blood sports”: gladiatorial combats and chariot races. “Duel to the death” or satisfaction of spectators.
Germany • Period of nationalism - focus on development of strong citizens through school and community programs of physical education • Physical education should be included in the school curriculum – programs emphasizes the development of strength • Jahn (1778-1852) – Turnverein movement to mold youth into strong, hardy citizens capable of overthrowing foreign control
Sweden • Scientific study of physical education • Use anatomy and physiology to study the effects of physical education on the body • Exercises use Swedish apparatus - Per Ling (1776-1839) • Design of gymnastic programs to meet specific individual needs • 3 Types: Educational gymnastics, military gymnastics, and medical gymnastics • Teachers of physical education must have foundational knowledge of the effects of exercise on the human body.
Great Britain • Home of outdoor sports • Maclaren (1920-1884) • Eager to make physical training a science; a system that was adopted by the British Army • Health is more important than strength • Exercise adapted to the individual • Physical education essential in school curriculum • Muscular Christianity • Sport contributes to the development of moral character • Reconciles sport and religion
PE in the U.S. • Influenced by European ideals • Systems of gymnastics (exercises) • Philosophies of physical education • Growth of influence of Ancient Asian cultures • Yoga • Martial arts • Relationships between the mind, body, and spirit
Colonial Period (1607-1783) • Colonists led an agrarian existence - physical activity through performing tasks essential to living and survival. • Colonists brought sports with them from their native lands. • Puritans denounced play as evil; recreational pursuits frowned upon. • Reading, writing, and arithmetic in schools, not physical education.
National Period (1784-1861) • Growth of private schools for females • Introduction of German gymnastics to schools • 1852: First intercollegiate competition: a crew race between Harvard and Yale. • Catherine Beecher (1800-1878) • Calisthenics performed to music • One of the first to advocate for daily physical education • Invention of baseball • Horseracing, foot races, rowing, and gambling on sport events popular
Civil War Period until 1900 • Turnverein societies continue to grow and include both girls and boys • Dio Lewis • Programs for the “weak and feeble” in society • Training school for teachers in Boston • Inclusion of gymnastic programs in the schools • Nissen - Swedish Movement Cure grows in popularity and recognized for its inherent medical values • YMCA established; international training school at Springfield College
Civil War Period until 1900 • Growth of American sport in popularity • Tennis • Golf • Bowling • Basketball (Naismith) • Founding of forerunner of Amateur Athletic Association (AAU) • Revival of Olympics in Athens • Colleges and universities develop departments and expand programs
Civil War Period until 1900 • Expansion of intercollegiate athletics • Abuses raise concerns • Establishment of governing bodies • Emphasis on teacher preparation, scientific basis of PE, diagnosis and prescription of activity • Organized PE programs in elementary and secondary schools • 1885 - Founding of the forerunner of AAHPERD • “Battle of the Systems”
Early Twentieth Century (1900s-1940s) • Extensive interscholastic programs - controversy over programs for girls • Growth of intramural programs and emphasis on games and sports in our programs • Increased concern for the physically underdeveloped in our society • Playground movement • Higher standards for teacher training (4 year preparation) • NCAA established to monitor collegiate athletics
World War I (1916-1919) • Physical educators developed conditioning programs for armed forces . • After the war, health statistics revealed that the nation was in poor shape (1/3 of men were physically unfit for armed service). • Growth and upgrade of PE programs in schools following war due to legislation in some states.
Golden Twenties (1920-1929) • Move away from formal systems of gymnastics toward games, sports, and valuable recreation and leisure time. • “New” physical education emphasized contribution to the total development of the individual; “education through the physical” vs. “education of the physical”. • Calls for reform of collegiate athletics due to increasing professionalism, public entertainment, and commercialization. • Women’s programs increase staff, activities, required participation, and facilities.
Depression Years (1930-1939) • Economic forces lead to cutbacks in PE programs and growth of recreational programs. • Physical educators more involved in recreational programs for the unemployed. • Growth of interscholastic, intercollegiate and women’s programs. • Charles McCloy (1886-1959) – advocated “education of the physical” and stressed the importance documenting results and measuring progress of using scientific data
Mid-twentieth Century (1940-1970) • Impact of WW II physical training programs • Physical fitness movement • President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports • Athletics • Increase opportunities for girls and women • Increased interest in lifetime sports • Sport programs below high school level increase • Increased number of intramural programs
Mid-twentieth Century (1940-1970) • Professional preparation • Colleges and universities increase programs for teachers • American College of Sports Medicine (1954) • National Athletic Trainers’ Association (1950) • Programs for individuals with disabilities • Special Olympics (1968) • Research grows in importance and becomes increasingly specialized
Significant Recent Developments • Emergence of subdisciplines • Disease prevention and health promotion • Healthy People • Objectives for the Nation • Surgeon General’s Report on Physical Activity and Health • Healthy People 2000 • Healthy People 2010 • Legislation promoting opportunities for girls and women, and people with disabilities • Increased technology
School Physical Education • Recognition of the critical role school PE in achieving national health goals • Fitness status and physical activity of children and youth is a concern • Congressional support for high-quality, daily physical education • Daily PE declines from 42% in 1991 to 28% in 2003. • Only one state, Illinois, requires daily PE for all students, K-12 • National Content Standards offer a national framework • Emergence of new curricular models
Physical Fitness and Participation in Physical Activity • Expansion of the fitness movement and involvement in physical activity • Shift from performance- to health-related fitness to an emphasis on moderate-intensity physical activity • Physical inactivity recognized as a major health problem
The Growth of Sport • Phenomenal growth of participation in sports at all levels • Youth sports involve more than 25 million children • Interscholastic sports involve more than 6 million boys and girls • Trend toward early specialization
The Growth of Sport • Intercollegiate sports involves nearly 400,000 athletes • Growth of sport as “big business” in some institutions • Growth of recreational sport leagues and amateur sports for adults of all ages • Professional sports continue to expand including professional leagues for women
Girls and Women in Sport • Rapid growth since the passage of Title IX in 1972 • Changes in governance of intercollegiate sports • Challenges to Title IX • Changes in physical education classes following passage of Title IX
Programs for Individuals with Disabilities • Federal Legislation • PL 93-122 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act • PL 94-142 Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 • Amateur Sports Act of 1978 • PL 101-336 Americans with Disabilities Act • Paralympics
Olympics • Rebirth of the Olympics in 1896 • Centennial Olympics celebrated in Atlanta in 1996 • Politicization of the Olympic Games • Evolving definitions of amateurism • “Fairness” issues in the Olympics • Addition of non-traditional sports • Commercialization of the Olympics
Technology • Computer technology and sophisticated research equipment • Has led to record-breaking achievements for elite athletes in nearly all sports • Facility improvement • Fitness tests data available in schools with addition of heart rate monitors