M.ASIM

1. M.ASIM 2004-AG-1081 DEPTT.OF AGRONOMY

2. Soil Compaction : What is soil compaction “ soil compaction is the loss of pore space within a soil profile caused by the compression of soil particles due to natural, human, and animal activities” OR Soil compaction refers to the formation of dense layers of well packed soil, often at the bottom of the cultivated layer.

9. CATEGORIES OF SOIL COMPACTION : Soil compaction has been found to occur at any depth up to 24" and is generally categorized in three specific groups. • Surface Soil Compaction(Hardened, cracked, soil found on the surface) • Sub-Surface Soil Compaction(Compacted layers found 10" deep and above) • Deep Soil Compaction(Compacted layers found below 10" deep)

10. CAUSES OF COMPACTION: • Wheel compaction from heavy equipment. • Multiple Field Operations • Time limitations • Less Diversification in Crop Rotations

15. EFFECTS OF COMPACTION: • Water Movement through the soil profile • Aeration in compacted Soils • Root Development in compacted soils

19. Diagnosing the Problem : • (1) Using a shovel or probe where compaction is determined by the resistance encountered as you push the shovel/probe down through the soil. • (2) Using a penetrometer - this instrument gives an indication of soil strength and resistance to root penetration. • (3) Digging a soil pit and examining the rooting pattern (compacted soils coincide with a reduction in root growth).

20. Avoiding Compaction : • Avoid Operations in Wet Soil • Avoid Carrying too much tractor weight • Keep your tillage equipment in top operating condition. • Use the right tire size and type • Consider drainage improvements for poorly drained fields

21. contd • Vary the depth of your primary tillage operation from year to year. • Use the right tire size and type.

22. Solving Compaction Problems : • Controlled traffic Compaction Management • Soil Profiles Freezing and Thawing • Deep Tillage

23. Deep Tillage

25. THANKS