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Programming

Learn about sorting applications, methods like selection sort and bubble sort, and how to implement these algorithms in code. Understand how sorting enhances array efficiency for various computational tasks.

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Programming

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  1. Programming Sorting Arrays

  2. Sorting • To arrange a set of items in sequence. • It was estimated that 25~50% of all computing power is being expended in sorting activities. • Possible reasons: • Many applications require sorting • Many applications perform sorting when they don't have to • Many applications use inefficient sorting algorithms

  3. Sorting Applications • List of student ID names and numbers in a table (sorted by name) • List of scores before letter grade • assignment (sorted by students' scores) • List of horses after a race (sorted by the finishing times) • To prepare an originally unsorted array for ordered binary searching

  4. Some Sorting Methods • Selection sort • Bubble sort • Shell sort • Quick sort

  5. Selection Sort • Selection sort performs sorting by • repeatedly putting the smallest element in the first position of the unsorted portion, • until the whole array is sorted. • It is similar to the way that many people do their sorting.

  6. Selection Sort • Algorithm 1. Define the unsorted portion of the array as the entire array 2. While the unsorted portion of the array has more than one element:  Find its smallest element  Swap with first element of the sorted portion of the array  Reduce unsorted portion of the array by 1

  7. Selection Sort http://www.cs.brockport.edu/cs/java/apps/sorters/selsort.html One pass to find the smallest number; Swap with List[0]. min_index = 0; for (j = 1; j < n; j++) if (List[j] <= List[min_index]) min_index = j; swap(List[0], List[min_index]);

  8. Selection Sort http://www.cs.brockport.edu/cs/java/apps/sorters/selsort.html N passes to find the current smallest number; swap with List[i]. for (i = 0; i < (n - 1); i++) { min_index = i; for (j = i + 1; j < n; j++) if (List[j] <= List[min_index]) min_index = j; swap(List[i], List[min_index]); }

  9. Selection Sort #include <iostream> using namespace std; void select(int data[], int size); void main(){ int A[9] = { 10, 7, 9, 1, 9, 17, 30, 5, 6 }; select(A, 9); cout << "The sorted array: "; for(int i=0; i<9; i++) cout << A[i] << " "; cout << endl; }

  10. Selection Sort // Sort array of integers in ascending order void select(int data[], // in/output: array int size){ // input: array size int temp; // for swap int min_index; // index of min value for(int leftmost=0; leftmost<size; leftmost++){ // find the smallest item min_index = leftmost; for(int i=leftmost; i<size; i++) if (data[i] < data[min_index]) min_index = i; // swap with last item if necessary if(data[min_index] < data[leftmost]){ temp = data[min_index]; /// swap data[min_index] = data[leftmost]; data[leftmost] = temp; } } }

  11. Bubble Sort • Bubble sort examines the array from start to finish, comparing elements as it goes. • Any time it finds a larger element before a smaller element, it swaps the two. • In this way, the larger elements are passed towards the end. • The largest element of the array therefore "bubbles" to the end of the array. • It then repeats the process for the unsorted portion of the array until the whole array is sorted.

  12. Bubble Sort • Bubble sort works on the same general principle as shaking a soft drink bottle. • Right after shaking, the contents are a mixture of bubbles and soft drink, distributed randomly. • Because bubbles are lighter than the soft drink, they rise to the surface, displacing the soft drink downwards. • This is how bubble sort got its name, because the smaller elements "float" to the top, while the larger elements "sink" to the bottom.

  13. Bubble Sort • Algorithm • Define the unsorted portion of the array to be the entire array • While the unsorted portion of the array has more than one element: 1. For every element in the unsorted portion, swap with the next neighbor if it is larger than the neighbor 2. Reduce the unprocessed portion of the array by 1

  14. Bubble Sort http://www.cs.brockport.edu/cs/java/apps/sorters/bubblesort.html List[0], List[1], … List[n-2], List[n-1] One pass to “sink” the largest number to the bottom of the list for (j=0; j<n-1; j++) { if (List[j] > List[j+1]) swap(List[j], List[j+1]); }

  15. function (subprogram) Bubble Sort http://www.cs.brockport.edu/cs/java/apps/sorters/bubblesort.html N passes to “sink” the currently largest number for (i=n; i>=1; i--) { for (j=0; j<i-1; j++) { if (List[j] > List[j+1]) swap(List[j], List[j+1]); } }

  16. Bubble Sort // Sort an array of integers in ascending order void bubble(int data[], // in/output: array int size){ // input: array size int temp; // for swap for(int rightmost=size-1; rightmost>0; rightmost--){ for(int i=0; i<rightmost; i++) { if(data[i] > data[i+1] ) { // swap with next item if greater temp = data[i]; data[i] = data[i+1]; data[i+1] = temp; } } } }

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