Economic Association of Namibia Business Breakfast Briefing 13 Sept 2016, Windhoek

1. EE Economic Association of Namibia Business Breakfast Briefing 13 Sept 2016, Windhoek

2. The 1996 World Food Summit defined food security as existing when • “all people at all times have physical, social and economic access to enough, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” (FAO 2003)

3. Availability(physical presence of food) • Domestic Production • Commercial • Subsistence • Commercial Imports • Regional • International

4. Accessibility(Economic & Physical access) • Purchase • Markets • Income • Prices • Production • Family farming • Social Transfers • Food assistance

5. Utilisation(Nutrition) • Consumption • Nutrients • Caloric intake • Diversity • Food safety • Biological drivers • Sanitation • Hygiene • Water quality • Diseases • Child Nutrition • Infant/Child feeding • Exclusive breastfeeding • Care practices • Immunisation

6. Hunger and Food Insecurity “Facts and figures”

7. Trend

8. Geography of Hunger

9. Most affected 52% of the world’s hungry are found in just 6 countries (which are also MICs) China, India and Indonesia may be rising economic powerhouses but these three fast-growing middle income countries are still home to nearly half (44%) of the world’s hungry, or 347.8 million people (FAO/WFP/IFAD 2015 Report)

10. Undernourishment in LIC & LMIC 356m 248m Low-middle income economies Low income economies the undernourished

11. International hunger targets - 2015 • In developing regions the prevalence of undernourishment dropped from 23.3% to 12.9% • 72 countriesreached MDG/WFS hunger targets (7 African countries)

12. Can hunger/food insecurity be addressed?

13. Some countries have reduced hunger 47% 46% 45% 40% 36% 35% 30% Ghana Thailand 25% Vietnam 24% China 20% 15% 14% 13% 10% Brazil 9% 6% 5% <5% 7% 1990-1992 2010/2012 2014/2016 2000-2002 2005-2007

14. Success stories • Important factors: • Increased public and political attention to food and nutrition security • Country-led approach supported with effective, efficient and sustainable policies that are well adopted to the local context • Multi-sectoral approach to accelerate improvements in nutrition including implementing nutrition-specific interventions (such as fortification, breast feeding, complementary feeding and dietary diversity) and nutrition sensitive programmes (such as quality sanitation & healthcare, women and girls empowerment etc.)

15. BRAZIL’S ZERO HUNGER STRATEGY

16. Main provisions of Brazilian Zero Hunger • Generation of income and jobs • Universal social protection • Incentives for small-scale farming • Intensification of agrarian reform • Minimum wages • Education incentives Structural long-term policies • Food ration programme • Emergency Food Basket • Maintenance of food security stocks • Ensuring safety and quality of food products • Workers’ food programme • Maternal/infant nutrition • School Meals Specific targeted policies Local policies • Rural Areas • Support to small-scale farming • Support for local production and consumption • Large cities • “People’s restaurants” • Decentralised food banks • Partnerships with retailers • Modernisation of food supply systems • Small and medium cities • Central food bank • Urban agriculture • Partnerships with retailers • Modernisation of food supply systems

17. Brazil Zero Hunger Strategy

18. Solutions to hunger and food insecurity

19. Economic growth • Necessary but not sufficient • - Needs to be inclusive to reach the poorest • Inclusive economic growth, in which all members of society benefit, can reduce hunger and food insecurity.

20. Increased investment in agriculture. • Agricultural growth • Strategies to increase yields such as irrigation & fertilizers, • Productive social safety nets, investment in infrastructure, research & extension, “innovative” finance & technologies adopted to smallholders and for changing climates. • Increasing agriculture productivity of smallholder and family farming • Increasing access to services such as markets, information, financial capital, infrastructure, technologies and risk reduction tools like risk insurance

21. Social protection (e.g. Cash transfers, school-feeding, nutrition programmes etc..) • Welfare-oriented transfers are a way to decrease hunger through the redistribution of income and food purchasing power

22. National food assistance programmes do have a significant impact on global hunger Philippines/Indonesia Bangladesh Nicaragua/ Peru India 800m 30m 20m 30m

23. Women Empowerment • Enhancing women’s access to incomes (markets/jobs) and land significantly contribute to reducing hunger not only among women but also their children.

24. Labour market enhancement • creating employment opportunities and jobs for people (especially in urban areas where rural-urban comes with its own challenges) • Establishment of the basic minimum wage can increase access and contribute to zero hunger.

25. Investment in Nutrition: • Nutrition sensitive agriculture can improve access to nutritious and diverse food commodities. • production of nutrient-dense crops not starchy-dense crop that have less nutritional value • Cost of hunger: Egypt (US$3.7 billion=1.9% of GDP), Ethiopia (US$4.7 billion=16.5% of GDP), Swaziland (US$92 million=3.1%) and Uganda (US$899 million =5.6% of GDP)

26. Other important factors: • Governance, political will & policy integration • Institutional and human capacity to implement and coordinate • Accountability mechanisms (M&E) • Partnerships e.g. private sector can unlock potential. • Technology (digital food delivery technology), fortification.

27. Conditions for achieving • Zero Hunger Sustainable Development Goal (SDG2)“End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture”