Unit 1 Thingking as a Hobby

1. Unit 1 Thingking as a Hobby Group members: 柏晓庭 赵佩 杨洁 沈杰杰 吴文静 昝溪

2. Thinking as a hobby ---William Golding

3. William Golding: Born:William Gerald Golding19 September 1911 Newquay,  Cornwall,England, UK. Died:19 June 1993 (aged 81,heart failure) Perranarworthal, Cornwall, England , UK Occupation: Schoolteacher Novelist , Playwright , Poet. Achievement: Nobel Prize for Literature in 1983 Golding was knighted by Elizabeth II in 1988.He was a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. In 2008, The Times ranked Golding third on their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945.

4. 1.Early Life: (1) William Golding was born in his grandmother's house, 47 Mount Wise, Newquay, Cornwall, and he spent many childhood holidays there. He grew up in Marlborough, Wiltshire, where his father was a science master at Grammar School . (2) In 1930 Golding went to Brasenose College, Oxford, where he read Natural Sciences for two years before transferring to English Literature. (3) In the summer of 1934 Golding took his B.A. degree with Second Class Honours, and later that year a book of his Poems was published by Macmillan & Co, with the help of his Oxford friend, the anthroposophist Adam Bittleston.

5. (4)In 1939 He was a schoolmaster teaching Philosophy and English then just English from 1945 to 1962 at Bishop Wordsworth's School, Salisbury, Wiltshire. 2.War service During World War II, Golding joined the Royal Navy in 1940.He fought (on board a destroyer) and was briefly involved in the pursuit and sinking of the German battleship Bismarck. He also participated in the invasion of Normandy on D-Day, commanding a landing ship that fired salvoes of rockets onto the beaches, and was in action at Walcheren at which 23 out of 24 assault craft were sunk. 3.The list of works:

7. (4) Writing style： • Golding's allegorical fiction makes broad use of allusions to classical literature, mythology, and Christian symbolism. • No distinct thread unites in his novels, and the subject matter and technique vary. • His novels are often set in closed communities such as islands, villages, monasteries, groups of hunter-gatherers, ships at sea or a pharaoh's court.

8. (5) Lord of the flies It was adapted to a film  in 1963 by Peter Brook. The theme: It reveals the conflict toward civilization—live by rules, peacefully and in harmony. By describing the evilness of those little boys, it reveals the dark side of human nature. Genre: Adventure, Coming-of-Age, Dystopian Literature, Children's Literature

9. Venus ↓ ↓ The Goddess of Love

10. 1.The Introduction to Venus • Venus is the great Olympian goddess of beauty, love, pleasure and procreation. She was depicted as a beautiful woman usually accompanied by the winged godling Eros (Love). Her attributes included a dove, an apple, a scallop shell and a mirror. In classical sculpture and fresco she was often depicted nude. • The statuette of Venus is an ancient Greek statue and one of the most famous works of ancient Greek sculpture. Created sometime between 130 and 100 BC, it is believed to depict Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty (Venus to the Romans). It is a marble sculpture, slightly larger than life size at 203 cm (6 ft 8 in) high. The arms and original plinth were lost following its discovery.

11. The Influence of Venus • The statue has greatly influenced masters of modern art; one prime example is Salvador Dali's Venus de Milo with Drawers. • The statue was formerly part of the seal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), one of the oldest associations of plastic surgeons in the world. • In February 2010, the German magazine Focus featured a doctored image of this Venus giving Europe the middle finger, which resulted in a defamation lawsuit against the journalists and the publication. They were found not guilty by the Greek court.

12. The Author of Venus • Name: Michelangelo米开朗基罗·博纳罗蒂 • Born: Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni6 March 1475 • Caprese near Arezzo, Republic of Florence (present-day Tuscany, Italy) • Died: 18 February 1564 (aged 88)Rome, Papal States (present-day Italy) • Known for: Sculpture, painting, architecture, and poetry

13. Other Works • David (1499–1505) The Statue of David, completed by Michelangelo in 1504, is one of the most renowned works of the Renaissance. • Pietà（1492–1499） • The Last Judgment (1534–41) • Sistine Chapel Ceiling(1508–1512)

14. Rodin’s thinker Introduction Rodin’s thinker is a bronze and marble sculpture by Auguste Rodin held in the Musée Rodin in Paris.

15. Origin Originally named The Poet, the piece of work was part of a commission by the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris. The museum wanted to create a monumental portal to act as the door of the museum.

16. Depiction Rodin’s inspiration came from The Divine Comedy of Dante. The thinker was originally intended to depict Dante in front of The Gates of Hell, contemplating his great poem. This muscular, bronze man, sitting atop a large rock, resting his right elbow on his left knee, and leaning his head upon his hand, is undoubtedly thinking.

17. Implied Meaning Originally supposed to represent Dante, to demonstrate the poet’s compassion as well as struggling of his feeling for the characters who were tortured in the hell. Commonly thought to represent knowledge or the attainment of knowledge. Rodin used the realism to express humanism and have sympathy for people in affliction.

18. Process • Around 1880, Rodin made a first small plaster version. • In 1902, The first large-scale bronze cast was finished. • In 1904, it was presented to the public and became the property of the city of Paris.

19. Auguste Rodin （奥古斯特·罗丹 1840-1917 ） • He was a French sculptor. • Rodin's most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory, modeled the human body with realism, and celebrated individual character and physicality. • The Burghers of Calais 《加莱义民》; The Bronze Age 《青铜时代》; The Kiss 《吻》; Balzac 《巴尔扎克》

21. Born on October 2,1869 • British India Bor Bender • Died on January 30,1948 (78 years)

22. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi The honorific title of Mahatma Gandhi(圣雄甘地), the Indian nationalist movement and the leader of the Congress Party. He was the father of India, and the greatest political leaders. He led the country towards independence from British colonial rule. His "civil disobedience", that is, he said the "nonviolent protest"(非暴力反抗), the impact on the world's nationalists and those who strive for a peaceful change of the international movement.

23. Gandhi was born in India and studied law in England, then spent 20 years defending the rights of immigrants in South Africa. He returned to India in 1914, eventually becoming the leader of the Indian National Congress.

24. At the time, India was part of the British Empire, and Gandhi urged non-violence and civil disobedience as a means to independence. In 1947, he took part in the postwar negotiations with Britain that led toIndian independence. He was shot to death by Hindu(印度教徒) fanatic the next year. His birthday, is a national holiday in India.

25. The Integrity of Gandhi As a boy, Gandhi was very shy. As soon as the school bell rang, he gathered his books and hurried home. One day, the Inspector of Schools, Mr. Giles, came to Gandhi's school. He read out five English words to the class and asked the boys to write them down. Gandhi wrote four words correctly, but he could not spell the fifth word "kettle". Seeing Gandhi's hesitation, the teacher made a sign behind the Inspector’s back that he should copy the word from his neighbor’s slate. But Gandhi ignored his signs. The other boys wrote all the five words correctly; Gandhi wrote only four. After the Inspector left, the teacher scolded him. "I told you to copy from your neighbor," he said angrily. "Couldn't you even do that correctly?" Everyone laughed. As he went home that evening, Gandhi was not unhappy. He knew he had done the right thing. What made him sad was that his teacher should asked him to cheat.

26. The League Of Nations

27. Introduction: The League of Nations was an international organization that existed between 1920 and 1946. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the League of Nations vowed to promote international cooperation and preserve global peace

28. Establishment At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Wilson, Cecil, and Smuts all put forward their draft proposals. After lengthy negotiations between the delegates, the Hurst-Miller draft was finally produced as a basis for the Covenant.After more negotiation and compromise, the delegates finally approved of the proposal to create the League of Nations on 25 January 1919.

29. Goals World War I (1914-1918) caused the deaths of at least 10 million soldiers and millions of civilians. The Allied victors of the war wanted to form an international organization that would prevent another horrific war. American President Woodrow Wilson was especially instrumental in formulating and advocating the idea of a "League of Nations". The League arbitrated disputes between member countries in order to peacefully preserve sovereignty and territorial rights. The League encouraged countries to reduce their amount of military weapons. Any country that resorted to war would be subject to economic sanctions such as a halt to trade.

30. Members The League of Nations was founded in 1920 by forty-two countries. At its height in 1934 and 1935, the League had 58 member countries. The member countries of the League of Nations spanned the globe and included most of Southeast Asia, Europe, and South America. At the time of the League of Nations, nearly all of Africa consisted of colonies of Western powers. The United States never joined the League of Nations because the largely isolationist Senate refused to ratify the League's charter. The official languages of the League were English, French, and Spanish.

31. The End of the League of Nations The members of the League of Nations knew that many changes within the organization had to occur after World War II. The League of Nations was disbanded in 1946. An improved international organization, the United Nations, was carefully discussed and formed, based on many of the political and social goals of the League of Nations.

32. The Difference between Atheism and Christianity

33. 1. Definition Atheism, in a broad sense, the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrow sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Christianity is a religion. It is a monotheistic(一神论的) religion, meaning it has only one god. It is the largest religion in the world and is based on the life and teaching of Jesus.

34. 2. Belief Atheism doesn't believe any god or deity. It believes in science and try to explore the material world by science. Christians believe Jesus sufferd and died to free human from their sin. Jesus is their teacher, a role model who can save them.

35. 3.History The earlist-found usage of atheism is in the 16th century France while Christianity began in the 1st century AD.

36. 4.Demographics An estimated number of Christianity is about 2.2 billion. The christian share of the world's population has been around 33% for the last hundred years. Christianity spread throughout the world mainly in Europe and North America. While it is difficult to quantify the number of atheists in the world. A 2010 survey publish in Encyclopedia Britanica found that the non-religious made up about 9.6% of the world population and atheists about 2.0% with a very large majority based in Asia.