LT-1: Introduction to mobile communication & computing

1. LT-1: Introduction to mobile communication & computing by Prof Weijia Jia (賈維嘉) SE-3-402 Email: jia-wj@cs.sjtu.edu.cn; weijiaj@gmail.com Tel: 185 21796516

2. Agenda • What is Mobile Computing? • Diversities • Convergence • History • Summary – Top 10 Challenges

3. What is Mobile Computing? • A simple answer => Performing computation in mobile units (i.e., mobile games, multimedia) • Mobile • How to support mobility? Connected & communicate. • Through a long wired/wireless links? • Need to consider the scope of mobility and movement speed • Computing • Activity of performing computations. What is computation? • Define the logics (i.e., steps of completing a job and data structures to model the information). • Mobile Computing = Mobile + (Communications + Computation)

4. What is Mobile? Examples • Mobile clients • Browsing web in train/airplane • Reading emails • Playing mobile games on the way to a country park • Mobile servers • Mobile server/hosts • Connecting to a mobile game server • Mobile data and applications, i.e., • Cross harbor tunnel payment system using RFID • Tracking location information of goods in inventory control • Finding the nearest restaurants for dinner

5. What are Mobile Units (Handsets)? • Concentrate on mobility, i.e., able to move around (still connected, how?) • Mobility • No cable restricts the movement of users and entities in the system • Different surrounding environment and locations • roam/move among different wireless networks and occasionally may enter into a wired network (a heterogeneous networking system) • What are the mobile entities? • Supporting mobile users (i.e., submitting requests) • Supporting mobile hosts (i.e., providing services) • Supporting mobile applications (i.e., systems) • Supporting applications in mobile devices (i.e., interface for mobile users)

6. Wireless Access Mobile Devices Network What is Mobile Computing? • NOT just mobile communication • Users prefer to have accesses to information/apps anytime, and anywhere  SHARE the wired and wireless networks (everywhere)  to access to APPLICATIONS (Mobile Services) •  Network/apps everywhere Data Server, Other People, etc.

7. Mobile Components • Mobile communication provides an architecture/ system for connecting the entities (mobile units) • In addition to connections, we need to support mobile applications and manage them. What? How? • Three basic components • Networks: mobile/wireless networks + wired networks (how to maintain the network quality and guaranteed services, …) • Devices and computing units (normally limited resources, i.e., processing power, memory, energy, devices) • Apps (distributed apps with mobile users and mobile data, …)

8. Mobile Communications • Demand for mobile communication creates the needs for integration of wireless networks into existing fixed networks: • Local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11 • Cellular networks: GSM (2G), 3G, 4G and ISDN, VoIP over WLAN • …

9. What are the Motivations for Going Mobile? Application Needs from End-Users + Growth of Computing (and other related) Technologies

10. Application example: Smart Spaces • We are living within (interact with) our environment • Environment: school, home, office, city, train, etc… • Interactions with the environment: eating, learning, reading, traveling, listening to music, etc.. • Smart space: an environment embedded with computing devices (sensors) to detect your needs/status and perform jobs to react to your needs proactively (interactive) • Example: smart-home-- automatic adjustment of heating, cooling and lighting levels in a room based on occupant’s electronic profile

11. Apps: Proactive Services • Location-based services • Different services are provided based on different locations of the users (or at different places) • Emphasized on data and information delivery (broadcast and dissemination of information) • I.e., shopping malls, schools, toilets • What do you need when you are in a shopping mall? • Context-aware services • Different services are provided based on different context detected in the system (situational) • Surveillance and triggering (monitor & react) • Detecting system status (e.g. intruders? crisis?) • Any emergence events -> timely responses (triggering)

12. Agenda • What is Mobile Computing? • Diversities • Old Mobile handsets • Networks • Challenges • Convergence • Summary

13. Old Mobile Handsets (MH) MHs include smartphones and PAD (iPad) provides services to users: Managing address book Scheduling calendar Cellular telephony Accessing Internet, email Example handsets: Apple iPhone, iPad, BlackBerry Storm, Palm TreoPro, T-Mobile

14. Old Mobile Handsets The visible but smallest part of the network!

15. What’s inside a Mobile Handset? Source: [3] 15

16. Wireless Network Ingredients: Antennas Still visible – cause many discussions…

17. Wireless Network Ingredients: Infrastructure Base Stations Cabling Microwave links

18. Wireless Network Ingredients: Infrastructure Not “visible”, but comprise the major part of the network (also from an investment point of view…) Management Data bases Switching units Monitoring

19. Road Traffic Apps GSM, 3G, WLAN, Bluetooth, WiMAX, LTE ... ad hoc Personal Travel Assistant, PDA, Laptop, Sensors

20. RFIDs (“Smart Labels and Identifiers”) • A label for identification and counting (simplify the identification process) • Like a low-end smart card with memory and processing power (embedded device) • Identify objects from a short distance (~10m to 100m) • small IC with RF-transponder • Wireless energy supply • magnetic field (induction) • Read/writeable • Low Cost => ~$0.1 ... $1 • consumable and disposable • Flexible tags • laminated with paper www.aimglobal.org/technologies/rfid/resources/papers/rfid_basics_primer.asp

21. Smart Clothing • Conductive textiles and inks • Print electrically active patterns directly onto fabrics • Sensors based on fabric • e.g., monitor pulse, blood pressure, body temperature • Invisible collar microphones • Kidswear • Game console on the sleeve? • Integrated GPS-driven locators? • integrated small cameras (to keep the parents calm)? http://www.sensatex.com/

22. Today’s Wearable Computers • Wearable computers: the computers that you can wear • Simplified I/O (reduced display) and voice input together with simple panel to make it more easy to use • Compact design to make it easy to carry (reduce unnecessary components) • What can you do with this devices? • Easy to operate and fit into your working environment • What will be the future wearable computers? www.xybernaut.com

23. “Cool” Robot Introduction

24. Body Area Networks (BAN) • Networks are required to integrate the components to form a system • Very low current (some nA), some kb/s through the human body • Possible applications: • Health monitor • Car recognize driver • Pay when touchingthe door of a bus • Phone configures itselfwhen it is touched • Various network scales: • WAN, LAN, PAN • Different performance • Different connectivity • Like a road system with different connectivity and performance

25. Personal Area Network (PAN) • Various network configurations: • Static vs. dynamic • Dynamic: ad hoc network • Ad hoc network: changing configuration and workload • How to group and connect? PAN: Personal area network

26. Image Apps • Fun MH image apps, e.g., • Finger-painting (iPhone, free) • iSwap Faces (iPhone, $3)

27. Audio Apps • Shazam (iPhone, BlackBerry, and Android, free) • Recognizes music tracks • StreamFurious (Android, free) • Plays streaming audio from the Internet

28. Video Apps • YouTube • Available for almost every MH platform • DVD to Go • Available for almost every MH platform [16] • Converts DVDs and videos to a format you can watch on an handset

29. Games • Many games available • Some are ported from other platforms to MHs, e.g., • Assassin’s Creed (iPhone) • Tetris (many) • Guitar Hero (iPhone, Android)

30. Business Opportunities • Android developers can sell their apps in Google’s Android Market • Costs: • $25 to join (one-time) • $400 for unlocked dev phone (can buy T-Mobile G1 for less) • Devs must agree to Google’s terms of use to sell apps in Market • Development kit is (mostly) open source (Win/Mac/Linux) • Cheaper to develop than for iPod touch/iPhone

31. Business Opportunities (2) • iPhone OS developers can sell their App Store • Costs: • $100/year to sell on App Store • $300/year to distribute in-house (enterprise) • iPod touch/iPhone cost ≥ $200 (+ service for iPhone) • Devs must agree to Apple’s terms of use • SDK only available for Mac • Licensing and costs are more restrictive than for Android, but devs can reach more users

32. Mobile Phone: Your Next Computer? • Mobile phones are expected to propel growth, to climb to 147 million shipments in 2012, a 16% year-on-year increase. • 4.5 billion mobile phone subscriptions as of Jan. 2010 • >3 billion subscriptions correspond to one person; some people have multiple phones! • Young adults replace phones every 6 months in South Korea • In HK, ~8-12 months • What about young people in China ? • These statistics are just for phones

33. Diversities: Mobile Phone Microprocessors Mobile Phones use embedded processors Intel, ARM dominate: BlackBerry 8700 -- Intel PXA901 chip iPhone -- Samsung ARM 1100 chip Low power use and code size are crucial Vendors package all the chip’s functionality in a single chip (package-on-package)-- maximum flexibility

34. Android Mobile Phone Platform Android -- development platform for Mobile Phones -- based on Linux Google and Open Handset Alliance (OHA) for different Mobile Phone manufacturers T-Mobile G1 -- 1st Android-based Mobile Phone HTC 34

35. Mobile Phone-OS War Smartphone operating systems Gartner's analysis of global Q3 2011 smartphone sales hit Q3 2011 at 115 M, shows the Android operating system dominating market share (rounded to nearest percentage point): A comScore survey from September 2011 for the US Smartphone sales set to double in 2012 Source: Gartner (November 2011) Source: comScore (November 2011) 35

36. Mobile Phone OS Period Android iOS Windows Phone BlackBerry OS Others 2015Q2 82.8% 13.9% 2.6% 0.3% 0.4% 2014Q2 84.8% 11.6% 2.5% 0.5% 0.7% 2013Q2 79.8% 12.9% 3.4% 2.8% 1.2% 2012Q2 69.3% 16.6% 3.1% 4.9% 6.1% Source: IDC, Aug 2015 36

37. Android Architecture

38. Windows OS Windows Mobile development tools include: Plugins for MS Visual Studio 2005, 2008, etc. SDKs for Windows Mobile-based handsets Microsoft gives away Visual Studio to students for free with its DreamSpark program Microsoft gave up old Windows Mobile and just lunched Windows Mobile 7 or Windows Phone 7

39. BlackBerry Internet Services BlackBerry Internet Service leverages centrally-hosted wireless gateways, allowing users to access up to 10 supported email accounts, browse Internet 39

40. Agenda • Background • Diversities • Wireless Networks • Mobile handsets • Convergence • Summary

41. Wireless Networks Many Mobile Phones support both cellular telephony and wireless networking: Wireless IEEE 802.11 (longer range) Bluetooth (100 m max, 10 m for handsets) Infrared Data Association (IrDA) Wired USB, etc.

42. Bluetooth • Universal radio interface for ad-hoc wireless connectivity • Voice and data transmission, approx. 1 Mbit/s gross data rate • Max bandwidth is 3 Mbps for Bluetooth 2.x with Enhanced Data Rate One of the first modules (Ericsson).

43. IEEE 802.11 Networkswireless fidelity (Wi-Fi)

44. Network Diversity Regional: Satellite Cellular networks-- GSM, UMTS (3G), HSPA(3.5G) 4G (LTE?) Vertical Diversity Metropolitan area: Cellular networks WiMAX(?) Campus-based: Cellular networks WiFi, RFID; Sensors(?) in-car, in-house, personal area Bluetooth; Sensors; Femtocells (?) Horizontal Diversity

45. Network Network Simple Reference Model Application Application Transport Transport Network Network Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link Physical Physical Physical Physical Medium Radio

46. Mobile and Wireless ServicesAlways Best Connected UMTS, GSM 115 kbit/s LAN 100 Mbit/s, WLAN 54 Mbit/s GSM/GPRS 53 kbit/s Bluetooth 500 kbit/s DSL/ WLAN 3 Mbit/s UMTS 2 Mbit/s GSM/EDGE 384 kbit/s, DSL/WLAN 3 Mbit/s UMTS, GSM 384 kbit/s GSM 115 kbit/s, WLAN 11 Mbit/s

47. Cellular Networks • Think of cellular nets in terms of generations: • 0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones • 1G: Analog cellular telephony • 2G: Digital cellular telephony • 3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (video telephony) • 4G: IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and multimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G (to be deployed in 2012–2015) • 5G: …

48. 2G GSM Two main 2G technologies: Global System for Mobile communications (GSM)  TDMA Interim Standard 95 (IS-95, aka cdmaOne™)  CDMA GSM is open, but Qualcomm owns all patents of CDMA IS-95 (1990s –1st CDMA-based mobile standard Short Message Service (SMS) 1985 GSM standard -- at most 160 chars. (incl. spaces) Over 2.4 billion people use it; multi-billion $ industry

49. 2.5/2.75G GPRS General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 2.5G telephony GSM upgrade to provide IP-based packet data transmission up to 114 kbps “always on” Internet access and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) GSM revision that provides 3× GPRS’ data rate (max. 236.8 kbps). Preparing for 3G

50. 3G and UMTS CDMA2000, IS-95’s hybrid 2.5G/3G successor Telecos own trademarks “cdmaOne” and “CDMA2000” in the U.S. Three competing 3G technologies: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) , TD-SCDMA (China) and CDMA2000 (North America) UMTS -- a 3G standard  4G standard, designed to replace GSM (aka 3GSM) with air interface W-CDMA, deployed in Europe and Asia