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TERRORISM

TERRORISM. WHAT IS IT?. Terrorism = The calculated use of violence or threat of violence to inculcate fear, intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally: Political - Shining Path, Aryan Nation Religious - Hezbollah, IRA

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TERRORISM

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  1. TERRORISM

  2. WHAT IS IT? Terrorism = The calculated use of violence or threat of violence to inculcate fear, intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally: • Political-Shining Path, Aryan Nation • Religious-Hezbollah, IRA • Special Interest/Ideological-PETA, Earth First

  3. U.S. POLICY TOWARD TERRORISM • All terrorist acts are criminal and intolerable • U.S. will support all lawful measures to prevent terrorism, or bring terrorists to justice • No concessions to terrorists

  4. TERRORIST STRATEGY/GOALS • Generate influence • Terrorism is a criminal activity perpetrated to draw attention to a cause • Generate Publicity • Target is means, not the end • Target symbolizes what terrorists oppose

  5. MUNICH OLYMPICS (1972) • Black September Organization • 11 Israeli athletes murdered • Israelis were immediate victims • Terrorists desired worldwide media attention for plight of Palestinian refugees

  6. TERRORIST STRATEGY/GOALS • Effectiveness of terrorist act does not lie in the mere act • Effectiveness is gauged by government or public reaction • Beirut/1983 • 241 Marines killed • U.S. withdraws from Beirut

  7. TERRORIST STRATEGY/GOALS • Produce widespread fear • Harass, weaken, or embarrass government security forces • Discourage foreign investment, tourism or assistance programs that affect the country’s economy and support for the government • Free prisoners • Satisfy vengeance

  8. TERRORIST TACTIC: BOMBING OR ARSONWorld Trade Center New York City Feb 26, 1993 • Six killed; over 1,000 wounded • Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman • Ramzi Yousef • Hoped to cause tower to collapse onto its twin to make US pay for supporting Israel

  9. TERRORIST TACTIC: BOMBING OR ARSONMarine Barracks/Beirut International Airport Beirut, Lebanon 23 October 1983 • 241 Dead • 105 Injured • Hizbollah • Anti-western, anti-Isralei • Pro-Iran • Seeks to establish Iranian style Islamic govt in Lebanon. • Trained and financed by Iran • Leads to US withdrawal from Lebanon.

  10. TERRORIST TACTIC: HOSTAGE TAKING Moscow Theater October 2002 • Chechen separatist guerillas hold 750 or more theater patrons for several days • Armed with rifles, explosives, grenades • Demand immediate end to Russian incursions into secessionist Chechnya province

  11. TERRORIST TACTIC: KIDNAPPINGWall Street Journal Reporter Daniel Pearl Jan - Feb 2002 • National Movement for the Restoration of Pakistani Sovereignty • Demand the release from U.S. custody of suspected Taliban and al-Qaida fighters and Afghanistan's former ambassador to Pakistan, Abdul Salam Zaeef • Daniel Pearl murdered

  12. TERRORIST TACTIC: ASSASSINATIONEgyptian President Anwar Sadat October 6 1981 • Islami Fundamentalist murder during annual military parade • Sadat considered traitor to Islam for signing the Camp David Peace Accords with Israel

  13. TERRORIST TACTIC: HIJACKINGSPan Am Flight 103 December 21, 1988 • 270 killed • Including 35 students from Syracuse University • Libyan or Iranian backed • If Iranian, in response to downing of Iran Air by USS Vincennes

  14. TERRORIST TACTIC: SEIZUREJapanese Embassy Lima, Peru Dec 1996 • 71 hostages taken by Tupac Amaru • Sought freedom for imprisoned comrades • 1 hostage, 2 soldiers, 14 terrorists killed during raid

  15. TERRORIST TACTIC: CYBERTERRORISMDefense Department February 1998 (Over a two–week period) • In our computer dependent world, the potential targets are endless • Consider the damage that could be done by attacking Wall Street’s computers, traffic light control computers, prison computers, banks, the Pentagon or AOL

  16. TERRORIST TACTIC: WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTIONTokyo Subway Gas AttackTokyo March 20, 1995 • 12 killed, 5K sickened • Sarin gas – first use of biological/chemical weapons by terrorists • Doomsday cult Aum Shinrikyo sought downfall of Japanese government

  17. TERRORIST TACTIC: SABOTAGE & HOAXESNation alerted to threats since 9/11 • Infrastructure vulnerable to sabotage • Terrorist group may make a threat, of which they are capable of carrying out • No intention of carrying out threat • Hoax has the effect of  tying up security forces • In achieving widespread fear, the terrorist is as successful as actually carrying out the act

  18. TERRORIST TACTIC: ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTIONNation alerted to threats since 9/11 • Environmental terrorism involves targeting natural resources • Water • Example: Attack an oil tanker • Air • Not Eco-terrorism • Eco-terrorism involves targeting the built environment (such as roads, buildings, and trucks), ostensibly in defense of natural resources

  19. REVIEW AND QUESTIONS • DEFINE TERRORISM • U.S. POLICY TOWARD TERRORISTS • TERRORIST STRATEGY/GOALS • COMMON TERRORIST TACTICS

  20. SUMMARY

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