1 / 12

Chapter 8 THINKING AND LANGUAGE

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON. P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE. Chapter 8 THINKING AND LANGUAGE. Section 1: What Is Thinking? Section 2: Problem Solving Section 3: Reasoning Section 4: Decision Making and Judgment Section 5: Language. 1. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON. Chapter 8.

dchristie
Download Presentation

Chapter 8 THINKING AND LANGUAGE

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Chapter 8THINKING AND LANGUAGE • Section 1:What Is Thinking? • Section 2:Problem Solving • Section 3:Reasoning • Section 4:Decision Making and Judgment • Section 5:Language 1

  2. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Chapter 8 PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Thinking is…… • 1. thinking is the mental activity that is involved in the understanding, processing, and communicating of information. Made possible through the use of symbols, concepts, and prototypes. 2

  3. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Chapter 8 PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Section 1: What Is Thinking? Question: What are the three units of thought? • THREE UNITS OF THOUGHT • SYMBOLS – objects or acts that stand for something else • CONCEPTS – mentally grouping together objects, events, or ideas that have similar characteristics such as dogs, horses, etc. • PROTOTYPES – examples of concepts that best exemplify that concept 3

  4. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Chapter 8 PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE How do we solve problems? • 2. algorithms: a specific procedure that, when used properly and in the right circumstances, will always lead to the solution of a problem. Ex: formulas. • 3. heuristics: rules of thumb that often, but not always, help us find the solution to a problem. They are shortcuts. Ex: C_ _ FF (cliff) 4

  5. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Chapter 8 PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE • 4. incubation effect: When we arrive at the solution to a problem when we have not been consciously working on the problem. Ex: taking a break from math problem then suddenly coming up with the solution. • 5. mental set: the tendency to respond to a new problem with an approach that was successfully used with similar problems. Can sometimes solve a problem, can sometimes cause a problem. • 6. functional fixedness: is the tendency tothink of an object as being useful only for the function that the object is usually used for. 5

  6. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Chapter 8 PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE • 7. convergent thinking: though is limited to available facts, one tries to narrow thinking to find the single best solution. • 8. divergent thinking: one associates more freely to the various elements of a problem. One follows leads that run in various directions; perhaps one that will lead to the solution unexpectedly. 6

  7. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Chapter 8 PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Section 2: Problem Solving Question: What steps can be used to solve problems? • THE ABCDEs OF PROBLEM SOLVING • Assess the problem • Brainstorm approaches to the problem • Choose the approach that seems most likely to work • Do it – try the most likely approach • Evaluate the results 7

  8. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Chapter 8 PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Section 3: Reasoning Question: How do deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning differ? • DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING DIFFER • 9. Deductive Reasoning – a conclusion is arrived at by reasoning from a general principle to a specific conclusion • 10. Inductive Reasoning – a conclusion is arrived at by reasoning from many specific observations to a general principle • 11.confirmation bias: tendency to prove, or confirm, one’s hypothesis rather than disprove it. 8

  9. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Chapter 8 PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Section 4: Decision Making and Judgment Question: What strategies can be made in decision making? • STRATEGIES IN DECISION MAKING • Weighing the Pluses and Minuses – choosing among goals or courses of action to reach goals by using a balance sheet • Shortcuts in Decision Making and Judgment – use heuristics or shortcuts • The Framing Effect – refers to a way in which wording affects decision making 9

  10. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Chapter 8 PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Section 4: Decision Making and Judgment Question: What strategies can be made in decision making? • HEURISTICS OR SHORTCUTS • Representativeness Heuristic– making decisions about a sample according to the population that the sample appears to represent • Availability Heuristic – making a decision on the basis of information that is available in the immediate consciousness • Anchoring Heuristic– making a decision based on certain ideas or standards that a person holds and which hold an anchor for the person 10

  11. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Chapter 8 PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Section 5: Language Question: What are the basic elements of language? • BASIC ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE • Phonemes – basic sounds of a language • Morphemes – units of meaning in language • Syntax – way in which words are arranged to make phrases and sentences 11

  12. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Prototypes Symbols Thinking Concepts Chapter 8 PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What are the three units of thought? 12

More Related