Model of Evaluation a. Hierarchical Criteria Model (classical model by Bennett, 1976)

1. Model of Evaluationa. Hierarchical Criteria Model (classical model by Bennett, 1976) Achievement of objective Individual and group Attitude, values, interest Response, feedback Total, pattern, continuity, seasonal During implementation Physical, and non-physical resources

2. 1. Input (Resource) All physical and non-physical resources including human resources (participants)

3. Indicators involve in the evaluation of this criterion are : total resources used, maintenance of the resources, skills of participants in using resources, how resources mobilized, etc. • Inputs are prime movers in any program.

4. 2. Activity: • Evaluate activities at all stages - initiation, implementation and evaluation. • Activities listed in the plan of work or calendar of activities are used. • Judgement on the activities e.g. in the form satisfactory, or excellent.

5. 3. Participation:  Total involved.  Pattern of involvement.  Continuity – continuous or seasonal.

6. 4. Reaction • Response and acceptance of people. • Shown by their commitment, interest.

7. Cognitive and AffectiveChange:  Understanding and awareness.  Shown by their interest, value, and attitudinal changes.

8. 6. Skills change: • Impact as a result of cognitive and affective changes. • Especially involvement in the use of technological innovations in the CD program. E.g. Better use of hydroponics farming, proper use of computer in information sharing in the villages

9. Skills change is more difficult to measure. • Takes longer time.

10. 7. Final outcome: • Achievement of objectives. • At the end of program.

11. b. Model Context, Input Process and Product (CIPP) by Stufflebeam (2000)

12. Context • To see the appropriateness of program based on situation of the program such environmental characteristics, and community’s problem. • Seen at macro level.

13. Historical background of the area is relevant. • Basis for other types of evaluation (input, process and product).

14. Input: • See the handling of inputs including human resources, activities and the sequence, support services and budget use. • Micro level.

15. Make use of the calendar of activities. • See the input-output analysis.

16. Process • Also called on-going evaluation or formative evaluation, or monitoring, or operational evaluation.

17. Objectives - to identify weaknesses - to predict results of implementation activities

18. - to find remedies for the weaknesses. - needs on-going staff to do evaluation. - data/information are collected formally and informally.

19. Product • Normally called final evaluation or summative evaluation. • To measure the achievement of program objectives.

20. The effectiveness of context, input and process evaluation will affect product evaluation.

21. Product evaluation – tells about the level of achievement, but process and input explain why that level is achieved. • Overall evaluation should look at the four aspects of CIPP.

22. Who are Program Evaluators • Internal • External

23. Internal • Planners, implementers and all that are involved in the program. • All the community.

24. Advantages: • They know the in an out of program (they experience), including the weaknesses and strengths.

25. Disadvantages: • May bias, highlight the goodness of the program only.

26. External • Consultant • Someone who comes from outside the program. • Specialist in the area, knows very well about the subject matter.

27. Advantages: • Very objective • Capable of assessing critical issues.

28. Disadvantages: • May give extreme results • Not experiencing the practical side of the program. • Dependent on documents. • High cost.