Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

1. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

3. The Three Religions Star of David • Judaism, Jew • Christianity, Christian • Islam, Muslim The Cross Crescent Moon and Star

4. Some Similarities • Monotheistic • Abrahamic – Recognize Abraham as Patriarch (father) • Consider city of Jerusalem to be Holy • All connected to parts of the Bible.

5. Origins and History of Each Faith

6. Origins of Each Faith • Date and Place founded: • Judaism – approximately 1300 B.C. in Palestine • Some say the date is unknown • Christianity – approximately 33 A.D. in Palestine • Islam – 622 A.D. in Saudi Arabia

7. Founders and Early Leaders • Founders and Early Leaders • All three trace their origins originally to Abraham as explained in the reading • Judaism – Abraham and Moses • Christianity – Jesus • Islam - Muhammad

8. Brief History on Origins • Judaism- The Hebrew leader Abraham founded Judaism around 2000 B.C. • Judaism is the oldest of the monotheistic faiths (religions with one God). • Christianity - Founded by Jesus Christ, who was crucified around A.D. 30 in Jerusalem • After his death his followers came to believe in him as the Christ, the Messiah. • Islam - Founded in Arabia by Muhammad between A.D. 610 and A.D. 632

9. Spread of Each Faith • Early Expansion • Judaism – Little expansion mostly confined to Israel • Christianity – by the end of the 4th century Christianity spread across the entire Roman Empire • Islam – Within 12 years, entire Arabian peninsula • After 100 years stretched from Spain to Southeast Asia

10. Terms for Followers and Clergy • Followers Called: • Judaism Jews • Christianity  Christians • Islam  Muslims • Clergy Called: • Judaism  rabbis • Christianity  bishop, pastor, ministers, priest • Islam  imams

11. More Detailed History on Each Religion

12. Judaism Timeline • 1800 BCE  Hebrews flee Canaan, migrate to Egypt (enslaved). • Lead by Moses to Sinai Peninsula. Covenant w/God. • 1 God, 10 Commandments, Chosen People • 1025 BCE form kingdom of Israel in Fertile Crescent. • Kings David & Solomon help reach greatest glory • 500 BCE Persians take over, Return to Israel & rebuild temple in Jerusalem. • 70 CE  Romans expel Jews from Israel/Palestine – diaspora… • Won’t return until late 1800s

13. Christianity • Jesus born in Roman ruled Palestine (Bethlehem) • Carpenter’s apprentice • Studied w/ rabbis - Preacher 30 yrs old • Some believed he was the messiah – Savior from foreign rule, restore kingdom • Roman’s, scared of popularity & refusal to accept emperor as a god, crucified him in 33 CE. • Followers, Christians, spread word • Everyone equal, salvation & eternal life • Persecuted by Romans, became martyrs • 313 CE, Emperor Constantine converts • 395 CE, official religion Roman Empire

14. Islam Timeline • 610 CEAngel Gabriel tells Mohammed he is to be the messenger of God/Allah • Merchant in Mecca • 622  flee to Medina, build 1st mosque • Hejira – Yr 1 of Muslim Calendar • Prophet • Expansion of Islam • Uses war & political maneuvering to spread ideas • 632 control Peninsula • 732 Atlantic to Indus

15. How They Worship

16. Where and When They Worship • House of Worship • Judaism: synagogue or temple • Christianity: church, cathedral, chapel • Islam: mosque • Day of Worship • Judaism: Saturday • Christianity: Sunday • Islam: Friday

17. Languages of Faiths • Original Language • Judaism: Hebrew • Christianity: Aramaic and Greek, then Latin • Islam: Arabic • Names of God • Judaism: Yahweh and Elohim • Christianity: God, the Trinity • Islam: Allah

18. Holy/Religious Texts

19. Sacred Texts of Each Faith • Sacred Texts • All three accept the Old Testament as explained in the reading. • Judaism: Hebrew Bible is the Torah, Talmud • Christianity: Old Testament and New Testament • Islam: Qur’an (Koran)

20. Beliefs

21. Monotheistic Beliefs • Ultimate Reality (Type of Theism) • Judaism: One God • Christianity: Trinity (God the father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit) • Islam: One God

22. Divine Revelation---God’s Words How do we know about God? • Judaism: through prophets; recorded in the Hebrew Bible • Christianity: through prophets and Jesus as recorded in the Old and New Testament • Islam: through God’s final prophet Muhammad; recorded in the Qur’an

23. Identity of Jesus • Judaism: False prophet • Christianity: Son of God, the Messiah, Savior • Islam: prophet of God

24. Death of Jesus • Judaism: death by Crucifixion • Christianity: death by Crucifixion • Islam: Did not die, but ascended into heaven (a disciple took his place)

25. Resurrection of Jesus • Judaism: Denied • Christianity: Affirmed • Islam: Denied; since he did not die

26. Means of Salvation • Judaism: Belief in one God; good deeds • Christianity: correct belief, good deeds; by faith accept Christ as Savior (Protestants) • Islam: Belief in one God; good deeds and follow Five Pillars of Faith

27. Afterlife • Judaism: eternal heaven/ eternal hell ( This is debated among Jewish Scholars) • Christianity: eternal heaven/ eternal hell • Islam: eternal paradise (heaven)/ eternal hell

28. Followers

29. Where They Can Be Found • Major Locations TODAY • Judaism: Europe, Israel, North America • Christianity: Europe, North and South America • Islam: Africa, Middle East, and Southeast Asia

30. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

31. Current Worldwide Followers TODAY • Judaism: 14 million (ranks 12th) • Christianity: 2 billion (ranks 1st) • Islam: 1.3 billion (ranks 2nd) In the USA • Judaism: 5.6 million • Christianity: 159 million • Islam: 1.1 million

33. Judaism • religion of just one people: the Jews. • first to teach belief in only one God. • Two other important religions developed from Judaism: Christianity and Islam.

34. Judaism Beliefs • Jews believe that there is a single God(Yahweh) who not only created the universe, but with whom every Jew can have an individual and personal relationship. • They await the Messiah, who will be an earthly king. They believe in heaven, but that God determines where they go after life on earth. • Ten Commandments is the basic code of law.

35. Judaism Briefly • Judaism is around 3500 years old and is the oldest of the world's four great monotheistic religions (religions with only one God). • It's also the smallest, with only about 12 million followers around the world. • Its holy city is Jerusalem. • The Jewish calendar is based on 29 or 30 days therefore they have 12.13 months.

36. Judaism • Jews think that God will send a Messiah (a deliverer) to unite them and lead them in His way. • Christians believe that Jesus was the Messiah. • The Jewish people do not agree; they anticipate His arrival in the future.

37. Judaism Holy Book • The most holy Jewish book is the Torah(the first five books of the Christian Bible) • Others include Judaism's oral tradition, the written form of which is known as the Talmud. • The Torah (scroll of teachings) contains the five books revealed to Moses by God on Mount Sinai. • Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers & Deuteronomy • Another important book is the "Talmud," serving primarily as a guide to the civil and religious laws of Judaism. • Hebrew is read right to left.

38. Judaism Place of Worship • Jews worship in Synagogues or temples. • Men and women usually sit separately. • Worship is led by a Rabbi. • Friday evening is time for worship. Stamford Hill, London

39. Judaism • Important Cities • Jerusalem • Major Groups: • Orthodox Jews: • adheres faithfully to the principles and practices of traditional Judaism. • Conservative Jews: • modern denomination of Judaism that arose in United States in the early 1900's. • Reform Jews: • largest denomination of Jews. They are more liberal in their thinking about Judaism. Samson destroys the Philistine temple

41. 7 Holy Days • Rosh Hashanah-Jewish New Year • Yom Kippur-A day of fasting and praying which occurs 10 days after the first day of Rosh Hashanah. The holiest day in the year • Sukkot-8 day festival of thanksgiving • Hanukkah-The Feast of Lights is an 8 day Feast of Dedication. It recalls the war fought by the Maccabees in the cause of religious freedom 

42. Purim-The Feast of Lots recalls the defeat by Queen Esther of the plan to slaughter all of the Persian Jews, circa 400 BC • Pesa(Passover)-The 8 day festival recalls the exodus of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt circa 1300 BCE. A holiday meal, the Seder, is held at home • Shavouth-Pentecost recalls God's revelation of the Torah to the Jewish people

43. Menorah-It is a symbol of the nation of Israel and a mission to be "a light unto the nations.

44. A Yarmulke is worn during prayer to shoe respect to G_d

45. Kosher Foods • Foods are kosher when they meet all criteria that Jewish law applies to food • Characteristics that make a food non-kosher: • the mixture of meat and milk • the use of cooking utensils which had previously been used for non-kosher food • The type of animal it is

46. Leviticus 11:3 says that Jews may eat all animals that have cloven hooves and chew their cud • Leviticus 11:4 explicitly prohibited the consumption of animals that do not have these characteristics designating them "unclean to you." • Six mammals are specifically not allowed: • The camel • The hyrax • The hare • The pig • Whales and dolphins

47. Kosher animals are as follows: • Cows, goats, sheep, antelope, deer, giraffes, okapis and pronghorns • Most fish(excluding shellfish, sharks, octupus, eels and squid) • Chicken, duck, turkey • Milk and cheese are kosher but cannot be eaten with meat or mixed with meat.

48. Judaism – Map! Judaism in 1500 C.E. Judaism Today Today, located in Israel and U.S. In 1500, located in Europe and Middle East

50. Christianity briefly • Christianity is the world's biggest religion, with about 2.2 billion followers worldwide. • It is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ who lived in the Holy Land 2,000 years ago.