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Cofactors and Coenzymes

Cofactors and Coenzymes. Cofactors. Groups or molecules (other than amino acid residues) which are important to catalysis Metals Coenzymes If tightly bound, it is called a prosthetic group Enzyme without prosthetic group (cofactor) Apoenzyme Enzyme with prosthetic group (cofactor)

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Cofactors and Coenzymes

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  1. Cofactors and Coenzymes

  2. Cofactors • Groups or molecules (other than amino acid residues) which are important to catalysis • Metals • Coenzymes • If tightly bound, it is called a prosthetic group • Enzyme without prosthetic group (cofactor) • Apoenzyme • Enzyme with prosthetic group (cofactor) • Holoenzyme

  3. Some common coenzymes Transfers Oxidation/Reduction Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) Hydride ion (H-) Electrons Catalysis by Coenzymes

  4. Catalysis by Coenzymes Some common coenzymes • One carbon metabolism • Biotin • Tetrahydrofolate Transfers CO2 One carbon groups

  5. Catalysis by Coenzymes Some common coenzymes • Acyl groups and others • Coenzyme A • Lipoic acid • Thiamine pyrophosphate • Pyridoxal phosphate • 5’-Deoxyadenosyl-cobalamin Transfers Acyl groups Acyl groups Aldehydes Amino groups and amines Alkyl groups

  6. Vitamin Derived Coenzymes

  7. Vitamin Derived Coenzymes

  8. Examples of Coenzyme Catalysis Uncatalyzed reaction

  9. Examples of Coenzyme Catalysis Catalysis with pyridoxal phosphate (Vitamin B6 derivative) Schiff Base

  10. Examples of Coenzyme Catalysis

  11. Examples of Coenzyme Catalysis

  12. Examples of Coenzyme Catalysis Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and alcohol dehydrogenase NADH NAD+

  13. Examples of Coenzyme Catalysis

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