Advantages and Disadvantages of Legalism: A Philosophical Exploration

1. DO NOW • EXPLAIN THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LEGALISM. EXPLAIN THE PHILOSOPHY KNOWN AS DAOISM. WHAT TYPE OF IMPACT DO YOU BELIEVE A DAOIST PHILOSOPHY WOULD HAVE ON A SOCIETY? • LOOK IN YOUR NOTES OR READ YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 75-77 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “LEGALISM”

2. Chapter 10: The Asian World

3. DO NOW • WHAT IS GOING ON IN OUR ECONOMY TODAY? HOW IS IT EFFECTING YOU AND YOUR FAMILY? WHAT IS A RECESSION?

4. DO NOW • STUDY FOR CHAPTERS 3 & 4 THAT YOU ARE BEING TESTED OVER TODAY. • ONCE YOU ARE FINISHED WITH THE TEST QUIETLY READ PAGE 138-144 AND COMPLETE QUESTIONS 2, 3, 4, AND 5 ON PAGE 144.

5. DO NOW • HOW DO THE ANCIENT CHINESE VIEW THEIR LEADER? WHAT DOES THAT RULER HAVE THAT ALLOWS HIM TO RULE? WHAT HAPPENS IF A NATURAL DISASTER OCCURS IN THE DYNASTY? WHAT CAN THE PEOPLE DO TO THEIR LEADER? • LOOK IN YOUR TEXTBOOK ON PAGES 91-92 IN THE SECTION TITLED ZHOU DYNASTY

6. DO NOW • HOW DO THE ANCIENT CHINESE VIEW THEIR LEADER? WHAT DOES THAT RULER HAVE THAT ALLOWS HIM TO RULE? WHAT HAPPENS IF A NATURAL DISASTER OCCURS IN THE DYNASTY? WHAT CAN THE PEOPLE DO TO THEIR LEADER? • LOOK IN YOUR TEXTBOOK ON PAGES 70-72 IN THE SECTION TITLED ZHOU DYNASTY

7. Section 1: China Reunified • The Han dynasty came to an end in 220, and China fell into chaos. For the next 300 yrs, the Chinese suffered through disorder and civil war. Then in 581, a new Chinese empire was set up under a dynasty known as the Sui. The Sui dynasty (581-618) did not last long, but it managed to unify China once again under the emperor’s authority.

8. 1. Sui Dynasty (581-618 C.E.) 2. Sui Yangdi 1. dynasty that rose after the fall of the Han Dynasty; unified China again 2. emperor who completed the Grand Canal built to link the two great rivers of China (Huang He and the Chang Jiang rivers) from north to south Section 1: China Reunified: The Grand Canal built to link these two major rivers linked north and south, making it easier to ship rice from south to north.

9. 3. Tang Dynasty (618-907C.E.) 3. Restored civil service examination to serve as the method of recruiting officials for the bureaucracy. The Tang Dynasty gave land back to the peasants breaking up the power of the aristocrats Sui Yangdi was a cruel ruler and used force labor to build the Grand Canal. This practice together with high taxes, his extravagant and luxurious lifestyle, and military failures, caused a rebellion. The emperor was murdered, and his dynasty came to an end. A new dynasty the Tang Dynasty soon emerged. It would last for almost three hundred years, from 618-907. The early Tang rulers began their reigns by instituting reforms, as rulers often did in the early days of new dynasties. They restored civil service examination from earlier times to serve as the chief methods of recruiting officials. Tang rulers worked hard to create a more stable economy by giving land to the peasants and breaking up the power of the aristocrats.

10. 4. Tang Xuanzang 4. One of the rulers who was unable to prevent plotting and government corruption within the Tang Dynasty Like the Han, however, the Tang sowed the seeds of their own destruction. Tang rulers were unable to prevent plotting and government corruption. One emperor was especially unfortunate. Emperor Tang Xuanzang is remembered for his devotion to a commoner’s daughter. To entertain her, he kept hundreds of dancers and musicians at court. He also ordered riders to travel thousands of miles to bring her fresh fruit. Finally, the emperor’s favorite general led a bloody revolt. The army demanded that someone be held accountable for the war and strife in the country. For this reason the emperor invited his true love to hang herself from a nearby tree.

11. 5. Uighurs 5. a northern tribal group of Turkic-speaking people, hired to fight for the Tang dynasty During the eighth century, the Tang Dynasty weakened and became prey to rebellions. Tang rulers hired a group of people called Uighurs to protect the dynasty. Continued unrest, however, led to the collapse of Tang rule in 907.

12. In 960, a new dynasty known as the Song rose to power. The Song ruled during a period of economic prosperity and cultural achievement, from 960 to 1279. From the start, however, the Song also experienced problems, especially from northern neighbors. These groups crossed into northern China and occupied large parts of Chinese territory. Because of this threat, Song rulers were forced to move the imperial court father south. • 6. Song Dynasty (960-1279 C.E.) • 7. Hangzhou • 8. Song’s government • 6. dynasty which arises after the fall of the Tang dynasty • 7. Capital of Song dynasty, one of the largest and richest cities of the Song empire • 8. monarchy w/ a bureaucracy; government also weakened the aristocrats, giving land back to peasants

13. The Song Dynasty and the Mongols • The Song dynasty could never overcome the challenge from the north. During the 1200s, the Mongols—a nomadic people from the Gobi—carried out wars of conquest and built a vast empire. Within 70 years, they controlled all of China. A we shall see, the Mongols overthrew the Song and created a new Mongol dynasty in China.

14. The Song government worked to weaken the power of the large landholders and help poor peasants obtain their own land. These reform efforts and improved farming techniques led to an abundance of food. In Chinese cities, technological developments added new products and stimulated trade. During the Tang dynasty, for example, the Chinese began to mix steel by mixing cast iron and wrought iron in a blast furnace heated by the burning of coal. The steel was then used to make swords and sickles. The introduction of cotton made it possible to make new kinds of clothes. • 9. Song’s Economy • 10. Tang technology • 9. farming; trading (tea, silk and porcelain • 10. cast iron (which made swords); introduction of cotton, gun powder (which was used to make explosives, and a primitive flamethrower)

15. 11. Marco Polo 12. scholar-gentry 11. Italian merchant who traveled to the Song capital Hangzhou 12. replaced the old landed aristocracy and became the political and economic elite of Chinese society Chinese Society: Most significant about Chinese society was the rise of landed gentry. This group controlled much of the land and at the same time produced most of the candidates for the civil service. The scholar-gentry, as this class was known, replaced the old landed aristocracy as the political and economic elite of Chinese society.

16. As in other parts of the world, female children were considered less desirable than male children. In times of famine, female infants might be killed if there was not enough food to feed the whole family. When married, she became a part of her husband’s family. In addition, a girl’s parents were expected to provide a dowry to her husband when married. Poor families often sold their daughters to wealthy merchants. • Few Chinese women had any power, an exception was Wu Zhao. • 13. Empress Wu (625-705) • 14. dowry • 13. one of the only female Chinese emperors • 14. Money, goods, or property a girls parent paid to her future husband

17. DO NOW • WHAT IS THE CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION? • WHAT CLASS SYSTEM ARISES AND REPLACES THE ARISTOCRATS IN THE UPPERCLASS AFTER THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION? • HOW WAS THE USE OF THE CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION A DEPARTURE FROM THE TRADITIONAL WAY OF PLACING YOUNG MEN IN GOVERNMENT SERVICE? • LOOK IN YOUR NOTES OR YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 250-251 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “THE WAY IT WAS”

18. DO NOW • WHAT IS THE CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION? • WHAT CLASS SYSTEM ARISES AND REPLACES THE ARISTOCRATS IN THE UPPERCLASS AFTER THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION? • HOW WAS THE USE OF THE CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION A DEPARTURE FROM THE TRADITIONAL WAY OF PLACING YOUNG MEN IN GOVERNMENT SERVICE? • LOOK IN YOUR NOTES OR YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 274-276 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “EQUAL OPPORTUNITY IN CHINA: THE CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION”

19. Section 2: The Mongols and China • The Mongols were a pastoral people from the region of modern-day Mongolia who were organized loosely into clans. Temunjin, born during the 1160s, gradually unified the Mongols. In 1206, he was elected Genghis Khan “strong ruler” at a massive meeting somewhere in the Gobi. From that time on, he devoted himself to conquest.

20. The Mongols brought much of the Eurasian landmass under a single rule, creating the largest land empire in history. To rule the new Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan set up a capital city at Karakorum. Mongol armies traveled to both the west and to the east. Some went as far as central Europe.

21. 1. Mongols 2. Genghis Khan 3. Temujin 1. were pastoral people who were organized loosely into clans 2. means strong ruler 3. unified the Mongols creating the largest land empire in history Section 2: The Mongols and China: The Mongols brought much of the Eurasian landmass under a single rule, creating the largest land empire in history. Mongol armies traveled both to the west and to the east. Some went as far as central Europe.

22. After the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, the empire began to change. Following Mongol custom, upon the death of the ruling khan, his heirs divided the territory. The once-united empire of Genghis Khan was thus split into several separate territories called khanates, each under the rule of one of his sons. It may be that only the death of Genghis Khan kept the Mongols from attacking western Europe. In 1231, the Mongols attacked Persia and then defeated the Abbasids at Baghdad in 1258. Mongol forces attacked the Song dynasty in China in 1260s. • 4. several separate territories divided and placed each under the rule of the Genghis Khan’s son • 5. grandson of Genghis Khan conquered the Song (1260 C.E.) and established a new Chinese dynasty called Yuan dynasty • 4. khanates • 5. Kublai Khan

23. Exchange of technology b/t China and the Mongols • In their attack on the Chinese, the Mongols encountered the use of gunpowder and the firelance. By the end of the thirteenth century, the firelance had evolved into the much more effective gun and cannon. By the early fourteenth century, foreigners employed by Mongol rulers of China had introduced the use of gunpowder and firearms into Europe.

24. 6. decentralization within Mongol dynasty 7. Zhu Yuanzhang (1368 C.E.) 6. fell victim to corruption: too much spending on foreign conquests, corruption at court & growing internal stability 7. the son of a peasant, who put together an army, ended the Mongol dynasty, and set up a new dynasty, the Ming dynasty The Mongol dynasty eventually fell victim to the same problems that had plagued other dynasties: too much spending on foreign conquests, corruption at court, and growing internal instability. In 1368 Zhu Yuanzahng put together an army and began a new dynasty known as the Ming dynasty.

25. By the time the Mongols established their dynasty in China, religious preferences in the Chinese court had undergone a number of changes. Confucian principles became the basis for Chinese government during the Han dynasty (202 B.C.E.-220 C.E.). By the time of the Sui and Tang dynasties, Buddhism and Daoism rivaled the influence of Confucianism. During the Song dynasty, however, Confucian ideas reemerged in a new form. Once again, Confucianism became dominant at court, a position that retained until the early 20th century. Buddhism was brought to China in the 1st century A.D. by merchants and missionaries from India. • 8. Buddhism (1-100 C.E.) 1st century • 8. a philosophy which was introduced to China by merchants and missionaries from India At first, only merchants and intellectuals were intrigued by the new ideas. However, as a result of the insecurity that prevailed after the collapse of the Han dynasty, both Buddhism and Daoism became more attractive to many people. Both philosophies gained support among the ruling classes.

26. Decline of Buddhism in China • The growing popularity of Buddhism continued into the early years of the Tang dynasty. Early Tang rulers lend their support to Buddhist monasteries that were set up throughout the country. Buddhists became advisers at the imperial court. Ultimately, though, Buddhism lost favor at court and was increasingly subject to attack. • Buddhism was criticized for being a foreign religion. Like Christian monasteries in Europe during the Middle Ages, Buddhist monasteries had acquired thousands of acres of land and serfs. With land came corruption. The government reacted strongly. During the later Tang period, it destroyed countless Buddhist temples and monasteries and forced more than 260,000 monks and nuns to leave the monasteries and return to secular life. Buddhism no longer received support from the state.

28. Official support went instead to a revived Confucianism. From the Song dynasty to the end of the dynastic system in the 20th century, Confucianism was at the heart of the state government. However, it was different from the Confucianism established during the Han dynasty. Neo-confucianism, as the new doctrine was called, served as a Confucian response to Buddhism and Daoism. Neo-Confucianists divide the world into a material world and a spiritual world. Humans form the link between the two worlds. Although humans live in the material world, each individual is also linked with the Supreme Ultimate. The goal of individuals is to move beyond the material world to reach union with the Supreme Ultimate. Humans do this through a careful examination of the moral principles that rule the universe. • 9. neo-confucianism • 10. goal of neo-confucianism • 9. philosophy which teaches that the world is real, not an illusion, and that fulfillment comes not from withdrawal but from participation in the world; • 10.goal is to reach union w/Supreme Ultimate (God) by following moral principles that rule the universe

29. A Golden Age in Literature and Art • The period between the Tang and Ming dynasties was in many ways the great age of Chinese literature. The invention of printing during the Tang dynasty helped to make literature more readily available and more popular. Art, too, flourished during this period. • It was in poetry, above all that the Chinese of this time best expressed their literary talents. The Tang dynasty is viewed as the great age of poetry in China. At least 48,000 poems were written by 2,200 authors.

30. The invention of the printing during the Tang dynasty helped to make literature more readily available and more popular. Art, too, flourished during this period. It was in poetry, above all, that the Chinese of this time best expressed their literary talents. The Tang dynasty is viewed as the great age of poetry in China. Chinese poems celebrated the beauty of nature, the changes of the seasons, and the joys of friendships. They expressed sadness at the shortness of life and the necessity of parting. Chinese artists tried to reveal the hidden forms of the landscape. Rather than depicting the realistic shape or a specific mountain, for example, they tried to portray the idea of “mountain. Empty spaces were left in the paintings because in the Daoist vision, one cannot know the whole truth. • 11. Li Bo (Daoist) and Duo Fu (Confucist) • 12. painting • 11. were two of the most popular poets during the Tang dynasty; Li Bo wrote on Daoist ideals; Duo Fu wrote on social injustice and the plight of the poor • 12. During the Song and Mongol dynasties landscape painting reached its high point (was influenced by Daoism); portrayal of humans as insignificant & nature dominant

31. The following is probably the best known poem in China and has been memorized by school children for centuries. It is entitled “Quiet Night Thoughts” • “Beside my bed the bright moonbeams bound Almost as if there were frost on the ground. Raising up, I gaze at the Mountain moon; Lying back, I think of my old home town.”

32. Where Li Bo was carefree, Duo fu was a serious Confucian. Many of his works reflect a concern with social injustice and the plight of the poor. In his poem entitled “Spring Prospect,” the poet has returned to his home in the capital after a rebellion against the dynasty has left the city in ruins. • “The capital is taken. The hills and streams are left, And with srping in the city the grass and trees grown dense. Mourning the times, the flowers trickle their tears; Saddened with parting, the birds make my heart flutter. The army beacons have flamed for three months; A letter from home would be worth ten thousand in gold. My white hairs have I anxiously scratched ever shorter; But such disarray! Even hairpins will do no good.”

33. Chinese artists tried to reveal the hidden forms of the landscape. Rather than depicting the realistic shape or a specific mountain, for example, they tried to portray the idea of “mountain. Empty spaces were left in the paintings because in the Daoist vision, one cannot know the whole truth.

35. Next to painting in creative accomplishment was the field of ceramics. In particular, Tang artisans perfected the making of porcelain—a ceramic made of fine baked clay at very high temperatures. The technique for making porcelain did not reach Europe until the 18th century. • 13. porcelain • 13. Tang artisans perfected the making of porcelain, a ceramic made of fine clay baked at very high temperatures

36. Art and Research Activity • You are a believer in the philosophy Daoism during ancient China. Create a drawing or a poem reflecting the beliefs of Daoism. You may do some research on the internet to find more information on Daoism. Look on pages 256-257 and read the section Poetry and Painting and Ceramics to get some ideas on the Daoist influence.

37. DO NOW • Read the section “The Way It Was on page 250-251. What was the civil service examination and why was it so important? Which group of people was it important to? (3-4 minutes)

38. DO NOW • EXPLAIN THE WAYS IN WHICH DAOISM IS REPRESENTED IN CHINESE ART OF THE SONG AND MONGOL DYNASTIES. • LOOK IN YOUR BOOK AND READ PAGE 257 IN THE SECTION TITLED “PAINTING AND CERAMICS”

39. DO NOW • EXPLAIN THE WAYS IN WHICH DAOISM IS REPRESENTED IN CHINESE ART OF THE SONG AND MONGOL DYNASTIES. • LOOK IN YOUR BOOK AND READ PAGES 293-295 IN THE SECTION TITLED “ART”

40. DO NOW • EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCES WHEN DISCUSSING THE CONCEPTS OF NEO-CONFUCIANISM AND BUDDHISM • LOOK IN YOUR NOTES OR READ YOUR TEXTBOOKS ON PAGES 289-290 UNDER THE SECTION TITLED “NEO-CONFUCIANISM: THE INVESTIGATION OF THINGS”

41. CHAPTER 11: The East Asian Rimlands: Early Japan, Korea, and Vietnam

42. 1. Japan Japan’s total land area is approximately 146,000 square miles about the size of the state of Montana. 1. is concentrated on four main islands: Hokkaido, the main island of Honshu, and the two smaller islands of Kyushu and Shikoku Japan is very mountainous; mountains are volcanic; only 11 percent of total land area can be farmed Section 1: Early Japan and Korea: Chinese and Japanese societies have historically been very different. One of the reasons for these differences is geography. Because of their geographical isolation, the Japanese developed a number of unique qualities. These qualities contributed to the Japanese belief that they had a destiny separate from that of other peoples on the continent of Asia.

43. Map of Japan

45. Social Structure • The ancestors of present-day Japanese settled in Yamato Plain near modern cities of Osaka and Kyoto in the first centuries C.E. (1-200 C.E.). Japanese society was made up of clans. The people were divided between a small aristocratic class (the rulers) and a large population of rice farmers, artisans, and household servants. The local ruler of each clan protected the population in return for a share of the annual harvest.

46. Eventually, one ruler of the Yamato clan achieved supremacy over the others and became, in effect, ruler of Japan. Other powerful families would, however, continue to compete for power. Prince Shotoku sent representatives to the Tang capital of China to learn more about how the Chinese organized their government. He then began to create a new centralized system of government in Japan, based roughly on the Chinese model. • 2. ShotokuTaishi (600 C.E.) • 3. Shotoku’s goal • 2. a Yamato prince, who tried to unify various clans so that the Japanese could resist an invasion by the Chinese • 2. copied the Chinese central form of government • 3. limit power of aristocrats; enhance ruler’s authority (seen as divine)

47. Nara and Heian Period • After ShotokuTaishi’s death in 622 C.E., political power fell into the hands of other powerful clans. During the Nara (622 C.E.) and Heian (794 C.E.) period there is a constant battle for power between the centralized government and the aristocrats. Eventually the government of Japan becomes more and more de-centralized that existed before the time of ShotokuTaishi. The aristocrats turned to military force as a means of protecting their interest.

48. 4. samurai 5. Bushido 4. means “those who serve” were warriors hired by the aristocrats to protect their land 5. A strict warrior code known as (“the way of the warrior”) based on loyalty to his lord Military Protection (Samurai): With the decline of central power, local aristocrats tended to take justice into their own hands. They turned increasingly to military force as a means of protecting their interests. A new class of military servants emerged whose purpose was to protect the security and property of their employers. Called the Samurai, these warriors resembled the knights of medieval Europe. Like the knights, the samurai fought on horseback, clad in helmet and armor although a samurai carried a sword and a bow and arrow rather than a lance and shield.

50. By the end of the 12th century, rivalries among Japanese aristocratic families had led to almost constant civil war. Finally, a powerful noble named MinamotoYoritomo defeated several rivals and set up his power near the modern city of Tokyo. To strengthen the state, he created a more centralized government under a powerful military leader known as the shogun. The Kamkurashogunate, founded by Yoritomo, lasted from 1192 to 1333. • 6. MinamotoYoritomo (1192-1333) • 7. shogun • 8. shogunate • 6. a powerful noble who created a more centralized government under a powerful military leader known as the shogun • 7. is a general (military leader) • 8. a form of government in which the emperor remained ruler in name only, and the shogun exercised the actual power