Canadian Steel, Chinese Grit

1. Canadian Steel, Chinese Grit By Bob Feng and Melody Zhai

2. Threat of American Annexation of British Columbia Sir John A.MacDonald, Canada’s first prime minister, was prsised as “the father of Dominion of Canada” and “the father of the Canadian Railway”

3. The Chinese Workers’ route across the Pacific to the United States and Canada Chinese Workers on Vessels arriving in Victoria

4. Chinese Workers’ Camp during railway Construction Railway under Construction Laying Rails

5. The last Spike 9:22 November 7th, 1885

6. 1885—1923: Chinese Head Tax To restrict and regulate Chinese immigration into Canada, imposing a $50 head tax. In 1900, The head tax was raised to $ 100 with The Chinese Immigration Act In 1903, The head tax was raised to $500 with the Chinese Immigration Act In 2006, the federal government apologized for this discriminatory policy

7. 1923—1947 Exclusion Act In 1923, the federal government decided that the $500 head tax was not effective enough, and a new approach to Chinese Immigration was necessary. The Act excluded practically all Chinese Immigration , save a few categories that seen as temporary, and therefore qualifed as “non-immigrants”.

8. In 2006 the Canadian government formally apologized for discriminatory policy of Head Tax

9. Canada has a history of discrimination, but today Canada is most fair and multicultural nation in the world. Canada has been embracing Chinese Immigrants for many years More than a million people of Chinese descent live in this land, mainly in Toronto and Montreal in the east, Winnipeg and Calgary in the center and Vancouver in the West.