Memory

1. Memory Information processing The Atkinson and Shiffrin model Encoding, storage, and retrieval

2. Memory as information processing • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval

3. Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model • Sensory memory • Short-term or working memory • Long-term memory

4. Phenomena of memory • Flashbulb memories • Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon • Organization of memory • Sound • Letter • Meaning • Recall vs. recognition • 90% recognition of 2500 slides (Haber, 1970)

5. Recall vs. recognition Grouchy Gabby Puffy Fearful Sleepy Dumpy Smiley Jumpy Sneezy Hopeful Shy Lazy Droopy Dopey Pop Sniffy Wishful Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Shorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby

6. The real seven dwarfs • Sleepy • Dopey • Grumpy • Sneezy • Happy • Doc • Bashful

7. Transient memories • Sensory memory • Visual sensory memory: the iconic store • Auditory sensory memory: the echoic store • Sperling (1960) and visual sensory memory • Ready to participate in Sperling’s study?

8. S R J V M Q D T F W H N

9. Sperling’s test phase: • high

10. Sperling’s test phase • medium

11. Sperling’s test phase • low

12. Sperling’s experimental condition • Ready?

13. G M Q B Z N K R P L T X

14. . Sperling’sresults: • Iconic store is transient, decaying to less than 50% of peak performance within one second. • All items in the array are placed in the iconic store.

15. Auditory sensory memory • Several studies have shown analogous results in auditory memory. • Echoic store studies often use dichotic listening. • Echoic memory disappears by 5 seconds. • The suffix effect: Conrad (1960) and Crowder and Morton (1969): zero • Is the suffix effect like real backmasking?

16. The suffix effect • I am going to say some numbers. At some point, I will say the number zero. When you hear me say zero, ignore the zero and say the numbers that preceded it. • The suffix effect disappears if you use non-language sounds, like buzzers or musical notes, so it is not just a delay effect. • When you hear the tone, ignore it and say the numbers that preceded it.

17. Encoding • Information in sensory stores is lost unless it is encoded, or processed into long term memory. • Does encoding occur in a special Short Term memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin model) or in rehearsal systems?

18. An encoding task x z r j f . g h a d f . J O N A H . L Q P D N .

19. Short-term memory • Attention • Primacy and recency effects • Limits of working memory • Phonological working memory • Visual working memory

20. Forming Long-term memories • Shallow vs. deep processing • Effortful vs. automatic processing

21. Long-term memory • Massed vs. spaced practice: Consolidation • Method of loci • Peg-word method • Narrative stories • Episodic and semantic memory • Explicit and implicit memory

22. Organization in memory • Episodic and semantic memory • Form vs. meaning • Explicit or declarative memory • Implicit or procedural memory

23. Retrieval and forgetting • Recall vs. recognition • Amnesia • Retrograde • Anterograde • Dissociative • Interference • Retroactive • Proactive