8 th Grade Chapter 21 & 22 Guided Notes

1. 8th Grade Chapter 21 & 22 Guided Notes “Changes in American Life” and “The Progressive Era”

2. how where factory urbanization Section One: “Cities Grow and Change” • The Industrial Revolution changed _______ and _________ people worked. It led to more ________ jobs and _________________, the growth of cities resulting from industrialization. • ______________ helped cities grow and made modern city life possible. The ____________ made it possible to have buildings larger than 4 stories. The first one was created in 1889 by the _________ _________. The use of _________ also helped increase the height of buildings. “Urban Disasters and Slums” • The concentration of people in cities increased the Technology elevator Otis Elevator Co steel

3. disasters Poverty disease overcrowding danger of ___________ because people and buildings were packed closely together. ____________ and _________ also threatened peoples’ lives. • As people flocked to cities, _____________ became a serious problem. People who could not afford to buy a house lived in _____________, apartment houses that are usually run-down and overcrowded. • Old buildings, ________________, poor design and little ________________ led to dangerous conditions. Oftentimes, the tenements were severely ______________. Inadequate _________________ also caused problems. • Many tenements had no _________________. tenements landlord neglect gov’t control overcrowded garbage pick-up running water

4. Tenements were jammed with immigrants living in small, cramped apartments. This family used a singled makeshift room for cooking and eating, and as a bedroom for the kids. The parents slept in a tiny bedroom in the rear.

5. In newer tenements, running water came from a convenient faucet above the kitchen sink. The sink was used to was dishes, clothes, and kids. Water had to be heated on the kitchen stove. Since bathing was difficult at home, most immigrants went regularly to public bath houses.

6. slum social gospel • A neighborhood with such overcrowded, dangerous housing was called a ___________. • Some people fought to reform, change, the problems of the slums. Inspired by the ______________ movement, some people established _____________ __________, which provided daycare, education, and health care to needy people. • Many founders of settlement houses were educated middle-class women such as _______________who founded ______________. “Political Machines Run Cities” • ____________________ were another organization that addressed the problems of the city. settlement houses Jane Addams Hull House Political machines

7. political machine favors votes illegal A ____________________ is an organization that influences enough votes to control a local government. They gained support by trading ______ for ____________, and also did ___________things. • The most famous political machine was __________ ______ in NYC, led by _____________________. Along with his friends, he stole enormous amounts of money from the city. • Still, they did a number of good things for cities, such as building ____________, sewers, schools, ___________, etc. They also often helped _______ _________ get settled in the U.S. Tammany Hall Wlm. “Boss” Marcy Tweed parks orphanages immi- grants

8. Section 2: “The New Immigrants” • Read “One American’s Story” p. 614. “The New Immigrants” • Until the 1890s, most immigrants to the U.S. came from ___ and ____ Europe; after 1900 more came from ___ and ____ Europe. • _____________ was the first stop for most immigrants from Europe. There they were ___ _________before they could enter the U.S. First, they had to pass a ___________________. Next, they were asked a series of questions: Name? ___________? How much _________ do you have? • While European immigrants passed through Ellis N. W. E. S. Ellis Island pro- cessed physical examination Occupation money

9. Angel Island Chinese Texas Island, Asian landed at __________________ in San Francisco. Here, most ______________ immigrants were held in filthy buildings for several weeks. • Mexican immigrants entered the U.S. through _____ “Settling in America” • Immigrants settled where they could find ________ and contributed to the growth of cities such as ____ _________, Boston, and ____________. About ___ settled in 4 industrial states: _____, ____, ____, and ____. • People with similar ______________________often moved to the same neighborhood. They pooled money to build places of __________ for their jobs New York Chicago ½ MA PA NY IL ethnic backgrounds worship

10. The Voyage Over Immigrants crowded into the steerage deck of the U.S.S. Permland. Steerage class was the cheapest and least comfortable, but this is how most immigrants traveled to America.

11. Ellis Island

12. Herded Like Cattle The main waiting hall on Ellis Island, where immigrants were tagged and made to wait long hours before being processed. They were tagged according to the language they spoke and marked with chalk according to the medical ailments they were suspected of having. They waited patiently for the dreaded moment in front of the immigration inspector who would decide their fates.

13. Immigrant Family

14. Immigrant Children

15. newspapers political machines jobs Neighborhoods. They also published ____________ and supported _________________. “Immigrants Take Tough Jobs” • Immigrants took whatever ________they could get. • Chinese immigrants set up businesses such as _____ ________ and __________. Large numbers of ______________ immigrants first came to Hawaii in 1885 to work on sugar plantations. • ______________ immigrants increased in 1910 when revolution forced them to flee. They mainly settled in the ____. “Becoming Americans” • The process of blending into a society is called restau- stores rants Japanese Mexican SW

16. assimilation citizenship changing _________________. Employers and labor unions offered classes in ______________ and English. At the same time that they were learning about America, they were ____________ it. • Despite efforts to assimilate, immigrants faced ____ ___________ from native-born Americans , who thought they would not fit in to a democratic society since they would be controlled by ______________. Americans pushed for _______________ to reduce the numbers of new immigrants coming to America. “Restrictions on Immigration” • Many Americans also feared that they would have to compete with immigrants for _________. pre- judice political machines restrictions jobs

17. lower wages worse conditions nativist opposition Immigrants were often desperate for jobs and would often work for _______________ in ____________ ________ than other Americans. These fears led to a surge in ____________________ to immigration. They placed ________ on new immigrants and banned specific groups. _________________ faced deeper prejudice than European immigrants, and _______ faced some of the worst. In 1882, Congress passed the ________________________, which banned Chinese immigration for ten years. taxes Nonwhites Asians Chinese Exclusion Act

18. Political Cartoon

19. Chapter 22 “The Progressive Era”

20. depre- Section 1: “Roosevelt and Progressivism” • Read “One American’s Story” p. 639. “The Rise of Progressivism” • In addition to the living conditions in cities, a _____ _________ in the 1890s made problems worse. In addition, _________________and _____________ _____________ had take over control of city and state governments as well as the economy. • To attack these problems, individuals created what became know as _________________. • About 1900, a new group of writers began to expose corruption in American society. They were called _________ and created a public demand for reform. ssion political machines big corpor- ations progressivism muckrakers

21. gov’t social welfare economic • The progressive reformers shared at least 3 basic goals: 1) to reform ________ and expand democracy, 2) to promote ______________, and 3) to create _____________ reform. “Roosevelt and the Square Deal” • _____________________ was the first progressive president. He won fame fighting the in __________ ____________ in Cuba. In 1900 he ran on the Republican ticket as President _______________ vice president. • After 6 months as president, an assassin shot McKinley. Roosevelt was the _______________ person to become president at 42. He gained the Theodore Roosevelt Spanish- American War William McKinley’s youngest

22. corporate trusts regulated support for reform. • Roosevelt began his reforms with an effort to break up the ___________________ and thought industries should be _______________ for the public interest. • Roosevelt believed that the gov’t’s purpose was to ensure fairness or a “_________________” for workers, consumers, and big business. • Roosevelt used the ________________________, which had been passed in 1890, but not enforced, to root out corruption. One of his first targets was the ________________, a trust that he busted. square deal Sherman Antitrust Act railroads

23. national interest Standard Oil Company tobacco • Roosevelt was not against big business, but he opposed any trust that worked against the ________ ___________. He also broke up the ____________ _________ and a ___________ trust. “Roosevelt Leads Progressive Reforms” • To make some reforms, Roosevelt received help from _____________, and Congress passed laws that helped change society. • After reading Upton Sinclair’s _________________, he acted to regulate the meat-packing industry. In 1906, Roosevelt signed the ___________________ and the __________________ which inspected food and banned the sale of impure foods and medicines. voters The Jungle Meat Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug Act

24. discrimination civil rights conservation • Although Roosevelt believed that _______________ was morally wrong, he did not take the political risk of a fight for ________________. • Roosevelt was a strong crusader for ____________. He camped with naturalist _________________ for 4 days in Yosemite Valley, and because he loved the area so much, he set out to preserve it. • He preserved more than ___________ acres of public lands. When Congress refused to establish any more national parks, he used the Antiquities Act to create ________________ instead. Section 2: “Women Win New Rights” • Many women progressives were active in the John Muir 200 million national monuments

25. suffrage Elizabeth Cady Stanton N. American Woman Suffrage Asso. Susan B. Anthony Struggle for woman _____________, or the right to vote. ____________________ served as president for the __________________________________ (NAWSA). Two years later, in 1892, ___________ _________became president. • The NAWSA first focused on ________ campaigns to win the right to vote. By 1896, only 4 states allowed women to vote: ____, ____, ____ and ___. By 1914, 7 W. states had approved full suffrage for women. “The Nineteenth Amendment” • The United States’ entry into __________ in 1917 made the final difference. __________________, state CO ID WY UT WWI Carrie Chapman Catt

26. war bonds benefits president of the NAWSA argued that the nation could no longer deny the right to vote to women, who were supporting the war effort by selling _________ and organizing _____________. • In 1918, the House passed the _________________, which gave women full voting rights. The _______ approved it in 1919, and in 1920, the states ratified it. 19th Amendment Senate