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By Naoyuki Takahata and Yoko Satta

Evolution of the primate lineage leading to modern humans : Phylogenetic and demographic inferences from DNA sequences. By Naoyuki Takahata and Yoko Satta The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-01, Japan. Terms to Know. Catarrhini: humans and Old World monkey

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By Naoyuki Takahata and Yoko Satta

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  1. Evolution of the primate lineage leading to modern humans: Phylogenetic and demographic inferences from DNA sequences By Naoyuki Takahata and Yoko Satta The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-01, Japan

  2. Terms to Know • Catarrhini: humans and Old World monkey • Platyrrhini: New World monkey • orthologous genes • locus

  3. The Controversy • estimate of the divergence time of humans from Catarrhini (humans and OWM) from Platyrrhini (New World monkey) • pioneering work on "Blood Immunity and Blood Relationships by G. H. F. Nuttal in 1904 • seven autosomal DNA sequences from humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas • However, both loci and species used in these studies were limited.

  4. Methods • maximum likelihood (ML) method. • ML method to 23, 14, 46, and 8 pairs of DNA sequences

  5. Equations

  6. Results • The estimated divergence time between Catarrhini and Platyrrhini 57.5 Myr ago • The gorilla and chimpanzee lineages appear to have become distinct from the human 8.0 Myr ago • The ML method yielded  = 1.4%, or 7.0 Myr, which is insignificantly different from the estimated divergence time between humans and gorillas. • The divergence time between humans and chimpanzees has been of particular interest for dating the most recent common ancestor of human mtDNAs

  7. Discussion • providing corroborative evidence for the absence of drastic bottleneck effects in primate evolution. • primate evolution polymorphism was abundant or equivalently demographic parameter was large.

  8. Discussion cont. • effective population size depends on various demographic factors, including sex ratio, mating systems, geographic separation of subpopulations, and extinction-recolonization of subpopulations. • it seems certain that the primate lineage leading to modern humans has not been demographically stable throughout.

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