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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Relevant Information and Decision Making: Production Decisions. Use opportunity cost to analyze the income effects of a given alternative. Learning Objective 1. Costs. An opportunity cost is the maximum available contribution to profit forgone (or passed up)

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Relevant Information and Decision Making: Production Decisions

  2. Use opportunity cost to analyze the income effects of a given alternative. Learning Objective 1

  3. Costs An opportunitycost is the maximum available contribution to profit forgone (or passed up) by using limited resources for a particular purpose. An outlaycost requires a cash disbursement.

  4. Costs • Differentialcost and incrementalcost are defined as the difference in total cost between two alternatives.

  5. Decide whether to make or buy certain parts or products. Learning Objective 2

  6. Make-or-Buy Decisions • The basic make-or-buy question is whether a company should make its own parts to be used in its products or buy them from vendors.

  7. Make-or-Buy Decisions Qualitative Factors: Control quality Protect long-term relationships with suppliers Quantitative Factors: Idle facilities or capacity

  8. Make-or-Buy Example GE Company Cost of Making Part N900: Total Cost for Cost 20,000 Unitsper Unit Direct material $ 20,000 $ 1 Direct labor 80,000 4 Variable overhead 40,000 2 Fixed overhead 80,000 4 Total costs $220,000 $11

  9. Make-or-Buy Example • Another manufacturer offers to sell GE the same part for $10. • The essential question is the difference in expected future costs between the alternatives. • Should GE make or buy the part?

  10. Make-or-Buy Example • If the $4 fixed overhead per unit consists of costs that will continue regardless of the decision, the entire $4 becomes irrelevant. • If $20,000 of the fixed costs will be eliminated if the parts are bought instead of made, the fixed costs that may be avoided in the future are relevant.

  11. Relevant Cost Comparison Make Buy TotalPer UnitTotalPer Unit Purchase cost $200,000 $10 Direct material $ 20,000 $ 1 Direct labor 80,000 4 Variable overhead 40,000 2 Fixed OH avoided by not making 20,000 1 0 0 Total relevant costs $160,000 $ 8 $200,000 $10 Difference in favor of making $ 40,000 $ 2

  12. Decide whether a joint product should be processed beyond the split-off point. Learning Objective 3

  13. Joint Products Joint products have relatively significant sales values. They are not separately identifiable as individual products until their split-off point. The split-off point is that juncture of manufacturing where the joint products become individually identifiable.

  14. Joint Products Separable costs are any costs beyond the split-off point. Joint costs are the costs of manufacturing joint products before the split-off point.

  15. Illustration of Joint Costs • Suppose Dow Chemical Company produces two chemical products, X and Y, as a result of a particular joint process. • The joint processing cost is $100,000. • Both products are sold to the petroleum industry to be used as ingredients of gasoline.

  16. Illustration of Joint Costs 1 million liters of X at a selling price of $.09 = $90,000 Joint-processing cost is $100,000 500,000 liters of Y at a selling price of $.06 = $30,000 Total sales value at split-off is $120,000 Split-off point

  17. Illustration of Sell or Process Further • Suppose the 500,000 liters of Y can be processed further and sold to the plastics industry as product YA. • The additional processing cost would be $.08 per liter for manufacturing and distribution, a total of $40,000. • The net sales price of YA would be $.16 per liter, a total of $80,000.

  18. Illustration of Sell or Process Further Process Further and Sell as YA Sell at Split-off as Y Difference Revenue $30,000 $80,000 $50,000 Separable costs beyond split-off @ $.08 – 40,000 40,000 Income effects $30,000 $40,000 $10,000

  19. Identify irrelevant information in disposal of obsolete inventory and equipment replacement decisions. Learning Objective 4

  20. Irrelevance of Past Costs • Two examples of past costs that we can consider, to see why they are irrelevant to decisions, are: • The cost of obsolete inventory • The book value of old equipment

  21. Example of Irrelevance ofObsolete Inventory • Suppose General Dynamics has 100 obsolete aircraft parts in its inventory. • The original manufacturing cost of these parts was $100,000.

  22. Example of Irrelevance ofObsolete Inventory • General Dynamics can... • remachine the parts for $30,000 and then sell them for $50,000, or • scrap them for $5,000. • Which should it do?

  23. RemachineScrapDifference Expected future revenue $ 50,000 $ 5,000 $45,000 Expected future costs 30,000 0 30,000 Relevant excess of revenue over costs $ 20,000 $ 5,000 $15,000 Accumulated historical inventory cost* 100,000 100,000 0 Net loss on project $(80,000) $ (95,000) $15,000 *Irrelevant because it is unaffected by the decision. Example of Irrelevance ofObsolete Inventory

  24. Irrelevance of Book Valueof Old Equipment The book value of equipment is not a relevant consideration in deciding whether to replace the equipment. Why? Because it is a past, not a future cost.

  25. Irrelevance of Book Valueof Old Equipment Depreciation is the periodic allocation of the cost of equipment. The equipment’s book value (or net bookvalue) is the original cost less accumulated depreciation.

  26. Example of Book Value Computation Suppose a $10,000 machine with a 10-year life has depreciation of $1,000 per year. What is the book value at the end of 6 years? Original cost $10,000 Accumulated depreciation (6 × $1,000) 6,000 Book value $ 4,000

  27. Keep or Replace an Old Machine? Old Replacement MachineMachine Original cost $10,000 $8,000 Useful life in years 10 4 Current age in years 6 0 Useful life remaining in years 4 4 Accumulated depreciation $ 6,000 0 Book value $ 4,000 N/A Disposal value (in cash) now $ 2,500 N/A Disposal value in 4 years 0 0 Annual cash operating costs $ 5,000 $3,000

  28. Keep or Replace an Old Machine? • What is a sunk cost? • A sunk cost is a cost that has already been incurred and, therefore, is irrelevant to the decision-making process.

  29. Relevance of Equipment Data • In deciding whether to replace or keep existing equipment, we must consider the relevance of four commonly encountered items: • Book value of old equipment • Disposal value of old equipment • Gain or loss on disposal • Cost of new equipment

  30. Book Value of Old Equipment • The book value of old equipment is irrelevant because it is a past (historical) cost. • Therefore, depreciation on old equipment is irrelevant.

  31. Disposal Value of Old Equipment • The disposal value of old equipment is relevant (ordinarily) because it is an expected future inflow that usually differs among alternatives.

  32. Gain or Loss on Disposal • This is the difference between book value and disposal value. • It is therefore a meaningless combination of irrelevant (book value) and relevant items (disposal value). • It is best to think of each separately.

  33. Cost of New Equipment • The cost of the new equipment is relevant because it is an expected future outflow that will differ among alternatives. • Therefore depreciation on new equipment is relevant.

  34. Comparative Analysis of the Two Alternatives Four Years Together KeepReplaceDifference Cash operating costs $20,000 $12,000 $ 8,000 Old equipment (book value) depreciation, or 4,000 – – lump-sum write-off 4,000 – Disposal value – (2,500) 2,500 New machine acquisition cost – 8,000(8,000) Total costs $24,000 $21,500 $ 2,500

  35. Explain how unit costs can be misleading. Learning Objective 5

  36. Beware of Unit Costs • There are two major ways to go wrong when using unit costs in decision making: • The inclusion of irrelevant costs • Comparisons of unit costs not computed on the same volume basis

  37. Example of Volume Basis Decision • Assume that a new $100,000 machine with a five-year life can produce 100,000 units a year at a variable cost of $1 per unit, as opposed to a variable cost per unit of $1.50 with an old machine. • Is the new machine a worthwhile acquisition?

  38. Example of Volume Basis Decision Old New MachineMachine Units 100,000 100,000 Variable cost per unit $1.50 $1.00 Variable costs $150,000 $100,000 Straight-line depreciation 0 20,000 Total relevant costs $150,000 $120,000 Unit relevant costs $1.50 $1.20

  39. Example of Volume Basis Decision • It appears that the new machine will reduce costs by $.30 per unit. • However, if the expected volume is only 30,000 units per year, the unit costs change in favor of the old machine.

  40. Example of Volume Basis Decision Old New MachineMachine Units 30,000 30,000 Variable cost per unit $1.50 $1.00 Variable costs $45,000 $30,000 Straight-line depreciation 0 20,000 Total relevant costs $45,000 $50,000 Unit relevant costs $1.50 $1.6667

  41. Discuss how performance measures can affect decision making. Learning Objective 6

  42. Performance Measures Can Affect Decision Making • To motivate managers to make the right choices, the method used to evaluate performance should be consistent with the decision model.

  43. Example of Effect onDecision Making • Consider the replacement decision, discussed earlier, where replacing the machine had a $2,500 advantage over keeping it. • Because performance is often measured by accounting income, consider the accounting income in the first year after replacement compared with that in years 2, 3, and 4.

  44. Example of Effect onDecision Making Year 1Years 2, 3, and 4 KeepReplaceKeepReplace Cash operating costs $5,000 $3,000 $5,000 $3,000 Depreciation 1,000 2,000 1,000 2,000 Loss on disposal ($4,000 – $2,500) 0$1,500 0 0 Total charges against revenue $6,000 $6,500 $6,000 $5,000

  45. Example of Effect onDecision Making If the machine is kept rather than replaced, first-year costs will be $500 lower ($6,500 – $6,000), and first-year income will be $500 higher.

  46. Learning Objective 7 Construct absorption and contribution format income statements and identify which is better for decision making.

  47. Absorption Approach • The absorption approach is a costing approach that considers all factory overhead (both variable and fixed) to be product (inventoriable) costs. • Factory overhead becomes an expense in the form of manufacturing cost of goods sold only as sales occur.

  48. Contribution Approach • In contrast, the contributionapproach is used by many companies for internal (management accounting) reporting. • It emphasizes the distinction between variable and fixed costs. • The contribution approach is not allowed for external financial reporting.

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