当代西方政治思潮（之四） 主讲人：黄岭峻

1. 当代西方政治思潮（之四） 主讲人：黄岭峻 第四讲 社会主义（2）:概论 Lecture 3, Socialism（2）： Marxism

2. 问题：随着苏联与东欧的易帜，马克思主义是否还有生命力？问题：随着苏联与东欧的易帜，马克思主义是否还有生命力？

3. 一、从黑格尔到马克思

4. Hegel’s philosophy of history （1）History records the unfolding of an inner human spirit.（历史记录了内在的人类精神的展开。） （2）Human understanding is historical.（人类理解是历史的。） （3）Human progress and divine design.（人类是进步的，且与神圣的设计相关。） Georg Friedrich Hegel (1770--1831) The great German philosopher 1，黑格尔的历史哲学

5. Karl Marx (1818--1883). The major theorist of modern socialism. Karl Marx was born in 1818 in Trier, Germany, to an assimilated Jewish family. His father, a successful lawyer , had hoped that his son would study law, but Karl preferred philosophy . It was while studying in Berlin , at the same university at which Hegel had taught , that the confrontation with Hegelian philosophical system took place. 2，马克思Karl Marx——曾经是一个青年黑格尔主义者

6. Hegel Spirit or reason（精神或理性） Dialectical clash between ideas（理念之间的辩证冲突） Freedom in philosophical terms（哲学形态的自由） Marx People and their actual interests（人们与其实际利益 The actual clash between groups struggling for dominance（追求统治地位的集团之间的实际冲突） Political and economic freedom（政治和经济的自由） 3,黑格尔与马克思的思想对照

7. 二、马克思的历史唯物主义 Marxist Materialism • A materialist view of history =Materialism • 关于历史的唯物主义观点=历史唯物主义 • 1，阶级主争观点 • （1）With scarce resources, different groups will ranged against each other in the struggle for survival and satisfaction.（对于有限资源，不同集团将为之斗争。） • （2）As material conditions change, the protagonists in the great historical drama change as well.（随着物质条件的变化，不同历史戏剧中的主角也将发生变化。）

8. Slaves .vs. Masters

9. serfs .vs. lords

10. workers .vs. capitalists

11. 2，经济基础决定上层建筑 • (1)In Marx’s view, class position is decisive in determining how we view the world. 阶级地位决定世界观。 • (2)Social conditions determine consciousness. 客观条件决定人的意识。

12. 三、马克思的政治经济学 “capitalism creats its own grave-diggers.” 资本主义培养了自己的掘墓人。

13. 资本主义生产的内在矛盾 New technological innovations ↓ The increase in productive and profits is no longer astronomical ↓ Newly impoverished Low wages and falling→ ↓ ← Vast quantities of goods Who will buy the products? ↓ Painful contractions of the market ↓ ↑ Great periodic crises

14. 生产力与生产关系 • Forces and relations of production 生产力Forces of production: the actual material methods of production prevailing in a given society. 生产关系Relations of production: the human side of the production process, the ways in order to produce. Capitalism produces the means of human liberation but prevents its realization.

15. 四、无产阶级专政与共产主义社会 • Dictatorship of the proletariat 无产阶级专政 More humane and less dictatorial： a. The great majority over a small minority. b. In order to serve the broad interests of humanity — bourgeois capitalists included. c. A transitional stage.

16. Factor: The workers take control of the means of production humanize the relations of production unleash the forces of production allowing to work for the general good A quantum leap in human material abundance. 工人掌握生产工具。 使生产关系人性化。 解放生产力。 允许为一般善而工作。 The dawning of communism 共产主义的到来

17. The withering of the state国家消亡 • The proletariat ,the universal class, will have abolished itself and created a universal society.

18. 马克思笔下的共产主义社会：Future Communist Society 1. Democratic in a radical sense: Lacking conflict or coercion. 激进民主：没有冲突和压制。 2. Work would no longer be drudgery. 工作不再是负担。 3. Possessiveness would disappear. 所有制消失。 4. Public ownership. 公有制。 5. Human relations would be placed on a novel footing. 关系和睦。 6. The family would be replaced by new forms of human association. 家庭消失。 7. A borderless , stateless humanity. 无国界，无国家。

19. 五、对马克思的批评： Critiques A: The historical record: 历史事实 1.The growing impoverishment of the working class did not materialize. 无产阶级的贫困化。× 2.Nationalism is a waning force which would be replaced by international working-class amity has proved to be wrong. 无产阶级的国际化。×

20. B: Dated elements in Marxsim. 过时的结论 1.Social-welfare.社会福利 2. Marx’s understanding of class identity and view of the business cycle are anachronistic.马克思对阶级身份的理解及商业圈的观点都是过时的。

21. C: Marx’s exaggerations.夸大的观点 1.All historical societies are locked in life-and-death conflicts over scarce sources. 2.Social relations not onlyinvolve conflict and coercion, but alsosolidarity, consensus, even cooperative.

22. D: Will the proletariat self-destruct? 在完成历史使命后，无产阶级是否会自动结束专政？

23. 六、俄国革命与列宁主义

24. 1， Mensheviks and Bolsheviks

25. 2，普列汉诺夫与俄国马克思主义正常的建立 • Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov (November 26, 1857-May 30, 1918) was a Russian revolutionary and a Marxist theoretician. He was a founder of the Social-Democratic movement in Russia and was the first Russian Marxist.

26. 3，布尔什维克强调铁的纪律及民主集中制 • the Bolsheviks, argued that organizational democracy was relevant only for open western societies. They had to form a revolutionary army that was (1)highly disciplined, 高度的纪律性 (2)hierarchical in its command structure,指挥结构中的层级制 (3)secret in its deliberations , 讨论过程中保守秘密 (4)centralized in its organization .组织中的集中制

27. 4，共产党是无产阶级先锋队。 • Lenin insisted that the communist party did not represent mass interests as much as in expressed the more advance views of the “revolutionary socialist intelligentsia.” hence ,the communist leadership had to actively set the revolutionary agenda .In this sense, Lenin spoke of the party as the vanguard of society’s progressive force .

28. 5，列宁与马克思的区别 • If for Marx ideological consciousness depends on material conditions, for Lenin ideological consciousness acts as an autonomous force .Lenin’s view that the revolutionary leadership can autonomously dictate the pace of change is often described as voluntarism . • （1）马克思更强调物质条件，而列宁更强调意志作用。

29. Lenin’s voluntarism and his paternalistic view of the working class take Marxist theorizing in substantially new direction. Theorists of revolution , like Marx himself ,might aid the proletarians in understanding their situation more accurately ,but they could never replace the working class as the engine of the revolution . • （2）马克思不想取代工人阶级成为革命的发动机，而列宁则强调党员干部的先锋作用。

30. （1）The Russia reality differed from the western European in having experienced only the early stages of capitalist development .It lacked a dynamic bourgeoisie or a substantial proletariat. 俄国现实与西欧不同，它只是处于资本主义发展的初级阶段，缺少成熟的资产阶级与无产阶级。 6，小结

31. （2）Marxist ,in its classic western European form , was basically inapplicable to the Russia reality . 就原初意义的马克思主义而言，并不适合于俄国的实际情况。

32. A Tactically , in order to defend itself against an implacably hostile reality, the party must organize along quasi-military lines –with the emphasis on discipline , hierarchy , secrecy , and centralization . （1）为了应对严酷的现实，党必须实行半军事化。 因此，俄国革命应该采取的策略应该是……

33. B The party ,rather than the proletariat , becomes the central agency of revolution . （2）是党，而不是无产阶级，成为革命的中心。

34. C It is not necessary to await with the proper ideological weapons can shorten the process . （3）不必等待用合适的意识形态武器来缩短进程。

35. D Russia’s largely peasant character meant that this vast human resource had to be mobilized , if only tactically and temporarily , in the revolutionary cause. （4）动员农民。

36. 六、从列宁主义到斯大林主义

37. 1，俄国1905年革命 • The 1905 Russian Revolution was a wave of mass political unrest through vast areas of the Russian Empire. Some of it was directed against the government, while some was undirected.

38. 2,1917年2月,尼古拉二世退位。 • At the end of the "February Revolution" of 1917 (February in the Old Russian Calendar), on 2 March (Julian Calendar)/ 15 March (Gregorian Calendar) 1917, Nicholas II was forced to abdicate.

39. Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin (1869-1916)

41. 3,十月革命The October revolution

42. Alexander Kerensky （1881-1970-）

43. Ten Days that Shook the World

44. The Polish–Soviet War (February 1919–March 1921)

45. 4，The Russian Civil War (1917 – 1923)

47. 5，新经济政策 New Economic Policy

48. NEP • In forward , the New Economic Policy (NEP) was instituted in 1921 . Capitalism , monitored and regulated , would be allowed to make a partial return , Although the ultimate controls rested with the government , great deal of latitude for private ownership and local initiative was permitted. By 1928, when the NEP was officially terminated , the soviet union’s economy had made a substantial recovery

49. 6，列宁逝世，1924，1，21

50. The dictatorship of the proletariat • Leninism departs most glaringly from the letter and spirit of Marxists in regard to dictatorship of the proletariat. For Marx , proletariat dictatorship was only a logical turning of the tables on the bourgeois dictatorship that preceded it .The term “dictatorship” in the phrase did not entail a new and unprecedented form of repressive control.