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AP Standards. Pre-Columbian Societies Early inhabitants of the Americas American Indian empires in Mesoamerica, the Southwest, and the Mississippi Valley American Indian cultures of North America and the time of European contact. I. Origins of the American Indian .
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AP Standards • Pre-Columbian Societies • Early inhabitants of the Americas • American Indian empires in Mesoamerica, the Southwest, and the Mississippi Valley • American Indian cultures of North America and the time of European contact
II. Pre-Columbian Indian civilizations: Regional Cultures Indian Cultures
A. Basic stages of development in Middle America Classical Middle American culture = Mayans Aztecs developed culture present at the Spanish arrival
Eastern woodland people burned forests to encourage the growth of berries and fruits (exhibits “harvesting”
Adena-Hopewell people of the Ohio Valley created earthworks Mortuary cult & transition in 600AD to a Mississippian culture due to trade & aid of bow and arrow, maize, and flint tools (hoes)
Mississippian culture: climaxed around time of European discovery & influenced many neighboring tribes (i.e. Adena-Hopewell) Cahokia: - Farming community 30,000 people (modern day Illinois) - state-level society exploiting the rich agricultural resources of the Great Bottom (Missouri and Mississippi River confluence). - city's commercial and cultural impact was felt throughout the Eastern United States.
Monks Mound, Cahokia -100 feet tall and covers 14 acres. - rulers governed from a temple atop this mound. - population in 1050-1150 A.D. was likely to have been 10-20,000, much larger than Paris at the time. (It declined in 1200-1400 A.D.)
Pueblo- Hohokam-Anasazi cultures of the Southwest • Looser class structure compared to Mississippians • Developed irrigation to combat southwestern climate • Created pueblos, which were later abandoned due to sever drought and fierce migrants moving into territory from the north
Increasing social complexity • Kinship / clans lead by chiefs of a high ranking family & advised by a council of elders • Council’s function was to supervise the economy (trade) & relations with other tribes
Nowhere in North America did Indian cultures develop a concept of the private ownership of land. Perdict how will this effect them in the future?
Labor was divided by gender (at 1st -- men = hunters, women = gatherers … later farming added to both) • Hunting Tradition & Agrarian Tradition
Politics of warfare & violence expand with bow & arrow tech. and the use of scalping
AP Standards 2. Transatlantic Encounters and Colonial Beginnings, 1492-1690 • First European contacts with American Indians • Spain’s empire in North America • French colonization of Canada
II. Voyages of Columbus • Oct 12th 1492 – San Salvador, Bahamas
Do you remember the rhyme? In fourteen hundred ninety-twoColumbus sailed the ocean blue.He had three ships and left from Spain;He sailed through sunshine, wind and rain.He sailed by night; he sailed by day;He used the stars to find his way.A compass also helped him knowHow to find the way to go.Ninety sailors were on board;Some men worked while others snored.Then the workers went to sleep;And others watched the ocean deep.Day after day they looked for land;They dreamed of trees and rocks and sand. October 12 their dream came true,You never saw a happier crew!"Indians! Indians!" Columbus cried;His heart was filled with joyful pride.But "India" the land was not;It was the Bahamas, and it was hot.The Arakawa natives were very nice;They gave the sailors food and spice.Columbus sailed on to find some goldTo bring back home, as he'd been told.He made the trip again and again,Trading gold to bring to Spain.The first American? No, not quite.But Columbus was brave, and he was bright.
clash CULTURAL CLASHES • WHITE EUROPEANS • Used the land for economic needs • Clearing the land, destroying hunting areas and fencing it off into private property • Divided the land and selling it for monetary value. • NATIVE AMERICANS • Relationship with environment as part of their religion • Need to hunt for survival • Ownership meant access to the things the land produced, not ownership of the land itself. VS
Direct Causes = 3 G’s • Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY) • Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD) • Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD) The 3 motives reinforce each other
III. Biological Exchange New World Old World Animals: - bison, turkeys, guinea pigs, llamas & alpacas Plants: - maize, potatoes, beans, peanuts, tobacco, squash, peppers, tomatoes, pumpkins, cacao • Animals: • horses, cattle, pigs, sheep & goats • Plants: • - rice, wheat, barley, oats, wine grapes, melons, coffee, olives, bananas • - diseases: • Small pox, plague, malaria, yellow fever, cholera
IV. Spanish conquest of the New World a. Indian weaknesses (disease, disunity, transportation)
Explorers Sailing For France • Cartier - France - Reached St. Lawrence River - Claimed Eastern Canada for France – 1535 • Samuel de Champlain - France - “Father of New France” - Established Quebec (the 1st permanent French colony in N. America) - Established settlements and explored Maine, Montreal & Nova Scotia - 1608
The Beaver Fur Hat hatters From about 1550 until 1850, felt hats were fashionable in much of Europe and the felt hat industry became the driving force behind the fur trade. By the late 1500's, the beaver was extinct in western Europe and was close to extinction in Scandinavia and Russia. The North American fur trade became a new source and kept the fashion going for another 200 years.
