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Politecnico e Università degli Studi di Torino Dipartimento Interateneo Territorio

Politecnico e Università degli Studi di Torino Dipartimento Interateneo Territorio. Parte II. I sistemi informativi territoriali: dalla mappa al bit. Una introduzione per “immagini” Antonio Cittadino , Francesco Fiermonte e Paola Guerreschi. PARTE SECONDA. Il software.

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Politecnico e Università degli Studi di Torino Dipartimento Interateneo Territorio

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  1. Politecnico e Università degli Studi di Torino Dipartimento Interateneo Territorio Parte II I sistemi informativi territoriali: dalla mappa al bit. Una introduzione per “immagini” Antonio Cittadino, Francesco Fiermonte ePaola Guerreschi

  2. PARTE SECONDA

  3. Il software

  4. GIS Software Packages Software proprietario, Libero & semi-libero

  5. Capture Store Edit Analysis Display Output Fundamental GIS Operations Capturing Data • Databases • GPS • Remote Sensing • Digitizing • Existing Coverages • Scanning • Others Scegliere il Software in funzione dei propri obiettivi e/o delle proprie necessità

  6. ESRI, Inc., Redlands, CA clear market leader with about a third of the market originated commercial GIS with their ArcInfo product in 1981 privately owned by Jack Dangermond, a legend in the field Strong in gov., education, utilities and business logistics MapInfo, Troy N.Y. Aggressive newcomer in early 1990s, but now well-established. Strong presence in business, especially site selection & marketing, and telecom Intergraph, Huntsville, AL origins in proprietary CAD hardware/software Older UNIX-based MGE (Modular GIS Environment) evolved from CAD Current GeoMedia was the first true MS Windows-based GIS strong in design, public works, and FM (facilities management), but weakening Bentley Systems, Exton, PA MicroStation GeoGraphics, originally developed with Intergraph, is now their exclusive and main product.. Strong in engineering; advertises itself as “geoengineering” Autodesk, San Rafael, CA Began as PC-based CAD, but now the dominant CAD supplier First GIS product AutoCAD Map introduced in 1996 Primarily small business/small city customer base (Commercial)GIS Software Packages

  7. Vector GIS Smallworld Systems (Englewood, CO) first to use OO (early ‘90s), but failed to compete as established vendors did same Purchased by GE in 2000 emphasis on FM & utilities Manifold (CDA International Corp): low cost, but low market share Maptitude(Caliper Corp, Newton, MA): another low cost one Software for GIS: other players • Raster GIS • ERDAS/Imagine • long established leader • acquired by Leica Geosystems in 2001 • ER MAPPER • aggressive newcomer originating in Australia • Envi, • relative newcomer, radar specialization • acquired by Kodak in 2000 • PCI--Geomatica • long-term Canadian player • CARIS • newer Canadian entry • GRASS (Rutgers Univ.) • Classic old-timer originally developed by US Army Construction Engineering Research Lab(CERL) in Champaign, IL; • army ended dev. & support in 1996 but assumed by Baylor University. • IDRSI (Clark Univ) • pioneering, university-developed package

  8. Open Source GIS Un parziale elenco delle risorse “Open Source” / “Free GIS” può essere trovato alle seguenti URL: http://www.gfoss.it/drupal/ http://geonetwork-opensource.org/ http://opensourcegis.org/ http://www.freegis.org/

  9. GRASS Official Page "GRASS GIs (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System) is an Open Source Geographical Information System (GIs) with raster, topological vector, image processing, and graphics production functionality that operates on various platforms through a graphical user interface and shell in X-Windows." gvSIG "gvSIG is a tool for handling geographical information. It has a friendly interface, and can access several (raster and vector) formats. It will integrate in a single view both local and remote data through WMS or WFS (WMS now working). HidroSIG "HidroSIG is a Geographical Information System (GIS) written in Java with special tools that will allow you to make estimations and analysis of hydrological, climatic and geomorphological variables." [ License: GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) ] JUMP "The Java Unified Mapping Platform (JUMP) is a GUI-based application for viewing and processing spatial data. It includes many common spatial and GIS functions. Kosmo "Kosmo has been implemented using the Java programming language and is being developed based on the JUMP platform and a long series of acknowledged free code libraries, such as Geotools and JTS, used in numerous free software projects. MapServer "MapServer is an OpenSource development environment for building spatially enabled Internet applications. The software builds upon other popular OpenSource or freeware systems like Shapelib, FreeType, Proj.4, libTIFF, Perl and others. QuantumGIS "Quantum GIS (QGIS) is a Geographic Information System (GIS) that runs on Linux, Unix, Mac OSX, and Windows. QGIS supports vector, raster, and database formats." [ License: GNU General Public License (GPL) ] QSlim "This package contains two components, the MixKit library and the SlimKit collection of surface modeling tools." [License: ? ] SAGA "You can understand SAGA as a geographic information system, with a special 'Application Programming Interface' (API) for geographic data processing. This API makes it easy to implement new algorithms and exempts the developer from hassle programming overhead like user-interface design or file-io. The SAGA API supports grid data like digital terrain models and satellite images, vector data, and tables." [ License: GNU General Public License (GPL) ] http://opensourcegis.org/

  10. Il software ESRI

  11. ESRI

  12. ESRI Arc/Info • Versions 1-7 from 1980 – 1999 • Command-line driven • Vector model: Coverages • Raster analysis module called GRID • Own raster model: GRID • Released on Unix and Windows platforms • Scripting done in Arc Macro Language (AML)‏

  13. Versions 1-3 from 1994 – 1999 Graphical User Interface (GUI)‏ Vector model: Shapefiles Raster analysis through extension called “Spatial Analyst” GRID model ESRI ArcView 3.x

  14. Several hundred person-years invested Complete rewrite, first since 1980 Released in 2000 Arc/Info Workstation version 7 included ArcGIS Desktop on Windows ArcView as a subset ArcGIS 9.0 in 2005 Object-oriented programming Version 9.3 just released ESRI ArcGIS

  15. Il software ArcGIS

  16. ArcView – View data and edit shape files and simple personal geodatabases ArcEditor – do more complex edits on enterprise geodatabases ArcInfo – the full system, with access to workstation ArcInfo (i.e. ArcInfo version 7) as well Levels of ArcGIS Products ArcGIS offre funzionalità diverse a seconda della licenza che si acquista…

  17. ArcReader (“adobe acrobat” for maps) & ArcExplorer (spatial data viewer) Free viewers for geographic data. ArcGIS 9.x Desktop: two primary modules (MS only) ArcMap:for data display, map production, spatial analysis, data editing ArcCatalog:for data management and preview ArcToolbox, for specialized data conversions and analyses, available as a window in both Available capabilities within these modules are “tiered” in three levels ArcView: viewing, map production, spatial analysis, basic editing: ArcEditor: ArcView, plus specialized editing: ArcInfo: ArcView & ArcEditor plus special analyses and conversions: Extensions: for special apps.: Spatial Analyst, 3D Analyst, Geostatistics, Business Analyst, etc. ArcObjects: to build specialized capabilities within ArcMap or ArcCatalog using VB for Applications ArcGIS Workstation (for UNIX and MS) the old command line ArcInfo 7.1 ArcGIS Engine (MS NT/2000/XP) Set of embeddable GIS components (ArcObjects software objects) for use in building custom applications Runs under Windows, Unix and Linux, with support for Java, C++, COM and .NET Replaces MapObjects which were based upon a previous generation of GIS objects Notes: ArcView3.3 the only GUI option for UNIX. ArcGIS 8 released 2000 to integrate two previous standalone products: ArcView and ArcInfo ArcGIS 9 released 2004 providing the full capability that should have been in ArcGIS 8!!! --full support for all data types (coverages, shapefiles, geodatabases) --full support for all previous geoprocessing analyses --Modelbuilder for scripting and repetitive processing --ArcEngine for building custom applications ESRI Product Line-up: ArcGISclient products (Fall 2007)

  18. ArcInfo ArcEditor ArcView ArcExplorer Browser Internet ArcIMS Services Map display & query ESRI ArcGIS System Consistent interface Increasing capability Clients c:\ ArcGIS Workstation $ ArcMap ArcCatalog ArcToolbox ArcMap ArcCatalog ArcToolbox ArcMap ArcCatalog ArcToolbox ArcServer Services Full GIS analysis ArcEngine/ ArcObjects Application Development & Customization ArcSDE Services Database storage/access Source: ESRI with mods.

  19. Future Generic GIS Internet Enterprise Applications Browsers Web Broker Web Server Services ( built on .Net, SOAP/XML, Java API) Delhi Durban Dallas Source: Reza Wahadj, CSIG04, with mods. Databases

  20. Il software GIS. I dati e le relazioni

  21. Relazioni spaziali • La caratteristica chiave dei G.I.S. è la capacità di integrazione, cioè di relazionare dati attraverso il riferimento spaziale. Si tratta di sovrapporre (overlay) strati informativi diversi. • Huxold (1991, pp. 320, 327) propone una distinzione tra: • integrazione orizzontale (dati diversi vengono messi in relazione in quanto riferiti alla stessa entità geografica, ad esempio allo stesso isolato); • integrazione verticale (vengono aggregati i dati riferiti ad entità geografiche che appartengono ad una entità geografica di livello superiore, ad esempio dati riferiti all'isolato vengono aggregati per quartiere). • Nel primo caso le entità geografiche appartengono ad un unica classe, nel secondo si analizza il rapporto di inclusione tra due classi di entità geografiche.

  22. http://www.liarc.org/pdf/GettingTheMost.pdf

  23. Dati raster e vettoriali Il dati raster o meglio le immagini raster sono fatte da una serie di celle a griglia (bitmap) e possono essere acquisite tramite scanner o semplicemente possono essere una fotografia (aerea, satellitare…). I dati vettoriali sono costituiti sostanzialmente da punti, linee, e poligoni e vengono memorizzati con l’informazione che riguarda il loro riferimento geografico (x, y).

  24. 0 3000 Feet 1500 Layers Vector Layers Street Network layer: lines Land Parcels layer: polygons Raster (image) Layer Digital Ortho Photograph Layer: Digital Ortho photo: combines the visual properties of a photograph with the positional accuracy of a map, in computer readable form.

  25. La Georeferenziazione e’ il processo attraverso il quale un oggetto viene posizionato su una carta secondo un sistema di coordinate

  26. Georeferenziazione “al volo” con ArcGIS CTR con individuazione dei Punti di Controllo Immagine da georiferire con individuazione dei Punti di Controllo

  27. Immagine georiferita

  28. In un GIS, ogni feature “contiene” dati o è relazionata a “fonti” esterne

  29. Operazioni sui dati: GEOprocessing in ArcView 3.x

  30. Data extraction creating a subset of features from one data set based on the geographic extent of another Operazioni sui dati: GEOprocessing in ArcGIS • Overlays • combination of two or more data sets to create new data set • Proximity • finding areas that are near features

  31. Overlay • Le operazioni di overlay portano ad analizzare le relazioni topologiche (relazioni tra diversi elementi spaziali) esistenti fra entità geografiche: • di prossimità e adiacenza; • di inclusione, un oggetto contiene completamente, o è contenuto completamente da un altro; • di connessione, per le reti; • di intersezione. • L'analisi delle intersezioni può portare alla generazione di nuove entità geografiche.

  32. Selezione in base alla localizzazione…

  33. Operazioni sui dati: selezione di features per mezzo dei loro attributi (dati associati) ArcGis 9.x ArcView 3.x

  34. Relazioni topologiche Topology is defined as the “spatial relationships between adjacent or neighboring features.”

  35. Strumenti per verificare le “regole” geometriche

  36. Relazioni alfanumeriche

  37. Il software ArcGIS e la sua interfaccia

  38. Tutte (o quasi) le barre degli strumenti (nascoste)… Con il tasto destro del mouse su un’area “vuota” della menu bar è possibile richiamare l’elenco delle barre degli strumenti…

  39. Edit Toolbar

  40. ArcGIS 9.3 è un software GIS deputato alla visualizzazione, interrogazione, creazione di dati e mappe GIS da utilizzarsi in ambiente Windows desktop. ArcGIS 9.3 è costituito da 3 applicazioni: • ArcMap (map-making and analysis) • ArcCatalog (accessing and managing data) • ArcToolbox(an environment for performing data processing operations such as geodata conversion)

  41. ArcMap ArcMap rappresenta l’evoluzione di Arcview. Permette di realizzare una mappa partendo la Layer predefiniti oppure caricando temi vettoriali, immagini, eccetera. Altre due applicazioni, ArcCatalog e ArcToolbox, consentono di navigare, organizzare e documentare i dati (ArcCatalog) ed effettuare operazioni di GeoProcessing utilizzando l’insieme degli strumenti contenuti in ArcToolbox

  42. ArcCatalog… il visualizzatore “universale” • ArcCatalog permette di: • Visualizzare layers, mappe, shapefiles, tabelle di dati (Ms-Access...); • Creare e Visualizzare dati e metadati; • Utilizzare dati in ArcMap e ArcToolbox; • Gestire i dati (copiare, rinominare, cancellare…) utilizzando uno strumento stile “gestione risorse”…

  43. ArcCatalog… Gestione delle risorse

  44. ArcToolbox è organizzato in set di tools. • I principali “Toolsets” sono raggruppati “per famiglie”: • Data Management Tools • Analysis Tools • Conversion Tools • My Tools [ambienti di sviluppo possibili: Visual Basic 6.0 , Visual C++, Delphi, Sybase PowerBuilder, ... ] Nel caso non si riuscisse a trovare la risorsa di interesse, è sempre possibile consultare l’elenco alfabetico dei “tools” oppure utilizzare un apposito “motore di ricerca”

  45. ArcToolBox: la “cassetta degli attrezzi” • Definizione guidata di proiezioni geografiche (“wizards”) • Creare strumenti personalizzati nell’ambiente di sviluppo desiderato (compatibile con Microsoft Windows) ed installarli come Tools aggiuntivi in ArcToolbox. • Import dati • da Coverage a personal geodatabase • da Shapefile a personal geodatabase • da Raster a MrSID… • Export dati • da dati vettoriali (vector layer) a personal geodatabase • da Shapefile a DXF • da raster layer a TIFF, IMG, o Grid…

  46. ArcToolbox di ArcInfo Oltre 150 Tools...

  47. Da ArcView 3.x ……………….. a ArcView 9.x • ArcView GIS 3.x • Project………………………………… • Theme………………………………… • View, View frame……………………. • Projection…………………………….. • Avenue scripts ……………………….. • Active Theme ………………………… • AVL (legend file) ……………………. • DDE………………………………….. • Promote Selected…………………….. • Database theme………………………. • CAD Reader………………………….. • Grid, Image theme……………………. • Extensions……………………………. • Add/Remove field……………………. • New shapefile………………………… • Summarize……………………………. • SQL Connect…………………………. • … • ArcView 9.x • Map document • Layer • Data frame • Coordinate system • VBA macros • Selectable layers • Import symbology from layer file • OLE • Open Table for Selected • Geodatabase layer • CAD layer • Raster layer • Extensions and toolbars • ArcCatalog or ArcMap • ArcCatalog • Dissolve Wizard • Add OLE DB Connection (ArcCatalog) • …

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