Conjunctions, Interjections, Punctuation, & Capitalization

1. Conjunctions, Interjections, Punctuation, & Capitalization The functional and technical aspects of writing!

2. Conjunctions • A conjunction is a word used to connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. • A coordinating conjunction is used to connect similar words or groups of words. • The most common coordinating conjunctions are: • And, But, For, Nor, Or, So, Yet

3. CoordinatingConjunctions • Typically connect words that have the same use in a sentence. • These words may be nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs. • Examples: • Do you think he was a greater inventor or statesman? (nouns) • He also bought and ran the school newspaper. (verbs) • She worked repeatedly but consistently to study electricity. (adverbs) • The TV show was successful and entertaining. (adjectives).

4. CoordinatingConjunctions • Coordinating conjunctions can also connect prepositional phrases. • I will either go to the moviesor to the mall. • Coordinating conjunctions can connect independent clauses or dependent clauses. • ***When a conjunction joins independent clauses, a comma MUST be used before the conjunction. • He did not have much formal schooling, but he managed to educate himself. (independent clauses). • She was patriotic and because she was willing, she served her country in many ways. (dependent clauses)

5. Correlative Conjunctions • Correlative Conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that connect similar words or groups of words. • either ~ or • neither ~ nor • whether ~ or • both ~ and • not only ~ but also

6. Correlative Conjunctions Either ~ or Neither ~ nor Not only ~ but also Both ~ and Whether ~ or Examples: I’ll either walk or jog home. Neither you nor I have blue eyes. Not only do I like ELA, but I also like science class. Leah earned an A in both math and religion. We need to decide whether to leave or to stay. Correlative Conjunctions

7. Interjections are words that express sudden excitement or strong feeling. Wow! We won! Ouch! That pan is hot! Yes! I got an A! Some interjections are followed by commas, and indicate a mild feeling instead or a strong one. Well, I better get started. Oh, how I dread Mondays. Interjections!!!!!!! Ouch! He yelled an interjection when the nurse gave him an injection!

8. Capitalization Use a capital letter for the following rules: • The first word in a sentence • The pronoun I • The first word of a direct quotation • Mr. Lewis said, “This girl is a hero.” • The first word of every line of most poems and songs.

9. Capitalization Capitalizing Proper Nouns and Proper Adjectives Proper Noun: names a particular person, place, or thing. EX: John, Katie, St. Amelia School, Christmas Proper Adjective: adjective formed from a proper noun. EX. American, Christian, Chinese, English

10. Capitalization Capitalizing First Words & Titles • The first word of a sentence is ALWAYS capitalized. • Capitalize titles used with names of persons and abbreviations standing for those titles • EX. Dr. Smith, Captain Hook, Mr. Metzler • Do not capitalize titles that are used as common nouns • EX. We are going to the doctor today.

11. Capitalization Capitalize the following titles when used before names, or when used alone to refer to the current holder of the position: • The President • The Vice President • Queen Elizabeth II • The Pope

12. Capitalization Capitalizing First Words & Titles • Capitalize words such as mother, father, aunt, and uncle when these words are used as names. . • EX. Mother, can I go to the store? • EX. We visited Aunt Michelle in Florida. • If the words mother, father, aunt, uncle, etc. are preceded by a possessive (our, my, your, his, her) or the words a or the, then these words are NOT used as names and SHOULD NOT be capitalized. • EX. My mother is baking cookies. • EX. John visited his aunt over the weekend.

13. Capitalization Directions and Sections • Capitalize names of sections of the USA, but not the directions of the compass. • EX. Cowboys lived in the wild West. • EX. My house is west of Katie’s house, but east of John’s house.

14. Capitalization Capitalizing Months, Days, and Holidays • Capitalize the names of months, days, and holidays, but NOT the names of seasons • EX. January, September, Monday, Friday • winter, spring, summer, fall Capitalize Many Abbreviations • Capitalize the abbreviations B.C. and A.D., as well as A.M. and P.M.

15. Capitalization Capitalize the first word of a DIRECT Quotation Example: Susan asked, “Do you like candy?” When a quotation is interrupted, it is called a DIVIDED quotation. DO NOT capitalize the first word of the second part of a divided quotation unless it starts a new sentence. Example: “Absolutely,” replied Mary, “and these are my favorite!”

16. Capitalization • Capitalize only the first word in each line of an outline. • EX. I. Modern poetry • A. Elements of Poetry • 1. Rhythm and meter • 2. Sound devices

17. Capitalization Capitalization in Greetings and Closing of Letters • In the greeting of a letter, capitalize all the important words. • EX. Dear Mr. Jones, Dear Sir, To Whom It May Concern • In the closing of the letter, capitalize only the first word. • EX. Yours truly, Sincerely,

18. Capitalization Capitalizing Titles • Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in titles. • DO NOT capitalize the, of, a, an unless it is the first word in the title. You will also not want to capitalize any coordinating conjunctions or prepositions of more than one word. • EX. The Cat in the Hat, The Pledge of Allegiance, Gone with the Wind, To Kill a Mockingbird

19. Punctuation Using End Marks (Periods, Question Marks, & Exclamation Points) • Use a period at the end of a declarative sentence • EX. I like movies. • Use a question mark at the end of an interrogative sentence • EX. Do you like movies? • Use an exclamation point at the end of an exclamatory sentence or interjection, to express a strong emotion or reaction. • Yes! I love movies! • Use a period at the end of an imperative sentence (Imperials are kings and queens – they can give orders) • Do not eat candy before your dinner. • Use a period with many common abbreviations • J.K. Rowling, Dr. Smith, Rd., Blvd., A.M., P.M., Jan., gal., ft., ect.

20. Punctuation Using Commas • Commas are used to separate ideas in compound sentences. • Use a comma before the conjunction in a compound sentence (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet). • EX. It was a long day, but we learned many things. • Commas are used after each item in a series except the last one. • EX. I like red, orange, blue, and green crayons. • Use commas to set off parts of dates, addresses, and geographic names. • EX. He was born on May 20, 2018. He was born in Buffalo, NY.

21. Punctuation Using Commas • Commas are used to set off introductory elements, interrupters, nouns of direct address, and appositives. • Introductory elements: Yes, rain is the forecast again. Carrying my umbrella, I am ready for the day. • Interrupters: It could, however, clear up tomorrow. • Nouns of direct address: John, will you go with me? • Appositives: Mrs. Larson, my favorite teacher, is in room 3. • **Appositives positively identify the preceding noun in the sentence.

22. Punctuation Using Commas • Commas separate 2 independent clauses when placed before a conjunction • Independent Clause: part of a sentence that has both a subject and a predicate, and it can stand on its own as a complete sentence. • EX. I baked a cake, and then I ate it. (Correct) • EX. I baked a cake, and ate it. (Incorrect) • If there is no conjunction, there should not be a comma!

23. Punctuation ; Using Semi Colons ; • Used to separate independent clauses in compound sentences as a substitute for a comma and a conjunction (Ex. ,and) • EX. Mary went to the store, and she bought the necessary groceries. • Mary went to the store;she bought the necessary groceries.

24. Punctuation ; Using Semi Colons ; • Used to join two separate sentences into one sentence, as long as the two sentences are closely related. • EX. Fishing is a sport. It can also be a job. • Fishing is a sport; it can also be a job.

25. Punctuation ; Using Semi Colons ; • used to separate independent clauses in compound sentences joined by conjunctive adverbs • however • therefore • consequently • nevertheless • nonetheless • still • otherwise • finally • furthermore EX. Mary went to the store; therefore, she bought the necessary groceries.

26. Punctuation ; Using Semi Colons ; • used to separate phrases and clauses that contain internalpunctuation (commas) • EX. My three favorite sandwiches are bacon, lettuce, and tomato;turkey,ham, and swiss;and peanut butter and jelly.

27. Punctuation : Using Colons : • Used to introduce or draw attention to information that follows. • Used to introduce a list of things. • EX. Here are the supplies I need: pencils, paper, and ruler. • Used after a greeting in a business letter • EX. To Whom It May Concern: - Colons are NEVER used after a verb!

28. Punctuation - Using Hyphens – • Used to divide a word at the end of a line when writing. • NEVER divide a one-syllable word! • EX. The religion les-son began today • Used a hyphen in compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine, and in fractions. • EX. Two-thirds majority EX. Thirty-five pages

29. Punctuation - Using Hyphens – • Used to separate parts of some compound terms. • EX. His all-encompassing devotion to the cause was recognized when he was promoted at work.

30. Punctuation - Using Hyphens – • Some compound terms are hyphenated only when they act as adjectives before the nouns they modify. Other compound terms, such as mother-in-law, bright-eyed, and self-respect are always hyphenated. Check a dictionary if you are unsure!

31. AAAWWUBBIS AS ALTHOUGH AFTER WHILE WHEN UNLESS BECAUSE BEFORE IF SINCE

32. AAAWWUBBIS • If AAAWWUBBIS clause comes first, it is followed by comma. • If AAAWWUBBIS clause comes after independent clause, there is no comma. I studied. I ate a snack. (Both IND. Clauses) (DEP. Clause) (IND. Clause) (IND. Clause) (DEP. Clause) AS I studied, I ate a snack. I ate a snack as I studied.

33. AAAWWUBBIS ALTHOUGH I studied, I ate a snack. AFTER I studied, I ate a snack. I ate a snack after I studied. WHILE I studied, I ate a snack. I ate a snack whileI studied. WHEN I studied, I ate a snack. I ate a snackwhenI studied. UNLESSI study, I will fail. I will fail unlessI study. Because I studied, I earned an A. I earned an A becauseI studied. Before I studied, I played basketball. I played basketball beforeI studied. IfI study, I can earn an A. I can earn an AifI study. SinceI studied, I earned an A. I earned an A sinceI studied.

34. Comma Splice Review • a run-on sentence that does have a comma, but it is missing a coordinating conjunction Coordinating Conjunctions and but for nor or so yet

35. Comma Splice Practice • I went to the zoo, I saw many animals. • I like broccoli, I don’t like carrots. • I studied for the test, I earned good grades. • When I did my homework, I ate a snack. • Keep your locker clean, you will feel organized. • I love hamburgers, but not hot dogs. • During our visit, we enjoyed going to the park and the museum. • I enjoyed a large Slurpee, it gave me a brain freeze! • When I got home from school, I had a snack before beginning my homework.