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EDAYATHANKUDY G S PILLAY ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLAGE Wave Optics

Dive into the realm of wave optics with topics like Huygens’ Principle, polarization, interference, diffraction, and Fourier optics. Unravel the complexities of optical systems and their significance in various applications.

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EDAYATHANKUDY G S PILLAY ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLAGE Wave Optics

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  1. EDAYATHANKUDY G S PILLAY ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLAGEWave Optics W.CHRISTPHER IMMANWELL

  2. Spherical Wave, Image Formation, and Huygens’ Principle Wavefront: a surface over which the phase of a wave is constant Huygens’ Principle

  3. Linear Polarization

  4. Circular/Elliptical Polarization

  5. Unpolarized Light and Polarizer

  6. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

  7. 3D Imaging by Polarizers

  8. Reflection and Transmittance of Polarized Lights Fresnel equations: Note: p-polarization: E-field  plane of incidence s-polarization: E-field  plane of incidence

  9. Goos-Haenchen Shift

  10. Optical Transfer Matrix to Analyze Three-layer Film

  11. Optical Transfer Matrix to Analyze Three-layer Film (Cont’)

  12. Antireflection Film Antireflection Coatings on Solar Cells

  13. High-reflectance Film

  14. High-reflectance Film (Cont’)

  15. Interference Young’s Experiment Interference — superposition of two light wave result in bright and dark fringes Conditions for Interference: • same polarization • same frequency • constant phase relationship (coherence)

  16. Conditions for Interference Bright fringes:  = 0, 2, 4,…(in phase) Dark fringes:  = , 3, 5, …(out of phase) If 1 = 2 = 

  17. Fabry-Perot Interferometer

  18. Fabry-Perot Interferometer (Cont’)

  19. Fabry-Perot Interferometer (Cont’) GaAs’s natural cleavage plane is (1,1,0)-plane. Si’s and Ge’s natural cleavage plane are (1,1,1)-plane.

  20. Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

  21. Recording process Reconstructionprocess Holography/Hologram

  22. 3D Hologram Videos

  23. Michelson Interferometer

  24. Sagnac Effect and Ring Interferometer N: Fringe number

  25. Interferences of Coherent/Incoherent Waves • Coherence: All component electromagnetic waves are in phase or in the same phase difference. • Interference ofcoherent waves: Waves of different frequencies interfere to form a pulse if they are coherent. • Interference ofincoherent waves: Spectrally incoherent light interferes to form continuous light with a randomly varying phase and amplitude.

  26. Fresnel (Near-field) Diffraction

  27. Fraunhofer (Far-field) Diffraction

  28. Fraunhofer Diffraction Pattern of a Rectangular Aperture

  29. Fraunhofer Diffraction Pattern of a Circular Aperture

  30. Resolving Power of Imaging Systems Rayleigh criterion

  31. Minimum resolvable angular: D: diameter of open aperture : wavelength of light source Note: if < min, images cannot be resolved Minimum resolvable separation: where =h/d1 For objective lens, numerical aperture NA=sin1 Resolution Limit • Rayleigh criterion  two object point can be resolved by the lens of an optical system

  32. Resolution of Human Eye Resolving power of human eye  0.3 mrad Resolution limit of human eye  0.075mm

  33. Fourier Transform by a Convex Lens

  34. Optical Fourier Transform Fourier Plane Input Plane FTL f f a(x,y) A(u,v)

  35. Optical Signal Processing

  36. Examples of Optical Signal Processing

  37. Examples of Optical Signal Processing (Cont’)

  38. Fourier Optics and Its applications Optical Computing

  39. Phase Contrast Microscopy

  40. Appendix 4-1 Coherence

  41. Coherence Function Mutually coherent: point sources u1(t1, x1, y1, z1) and u2(t1, x2, y2, z2) maintain a fixed phase relation Mutual coherence function: Normalized mutual coherence function: (complex degree of coherence or degree of correlation) where 11() and 22() are the self-coherence functions of u1(t) and u2(t)

  42. Demonstration of Coherence Visibility of fringe: extended source interference pattern If I1 = I2= I (best condition),  =  12()  i.e., visibility of the fringe is a measure of the degree of coherence

  43. Spatial Coherence extended source Intensity distribution of the resultant fringe of two points on the extended source: extended source

  44. Measurement of Spatial Coherence

  45. Temporal Coherence Visibility of the fringe is a measure of the degree of temporal coherence 11() at same point Coherence length of the light source

  46. Measurement of Temporal Coherence

  47. Appendix 4-2 Fourier Transform

  48. Fourier Transform Pairs

  49. Basic Theorems of Fourier Transforms

  50. Basic Theorems of Fourier Transforms (Cont’)

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