The history and evolution of tattoos and tattooing

1. The history and evolution of tattoos and tattooing By Jasmine Johnson & Meredith Frazier

2. Tattoos: why do people get them? • Self Expression- used to express a unique personality • Sentimental Value- used for permanent memorabilia • Trendy- just because everyone else is doing it • Group Identification- used to show membership of a family, organization, tribe, etc. • Symbolism for Beliefs- used to represent any kind of personal beliefs

3. Ancient tattoos • History of the first tattoo is almost impossible to trace • Tattoos have a vast history across the globe dating back over 12,000 years • Oldest evidence of a tattoo culture discovered by French excavators Saint-Just & MarthePéquart (early 1940s) • Dates back to around 10,000 B.C. • Grooved needles made from bones • “ochre”- colored iron oxide deposits, clay & water

4. Ancient egyptyan tattoo culture • Thriving tattoo culture as early as 4,000 B.C. • Female figurines and tomb depictions • Bronze tattooing tools dating back to 1,450 B.C. found in Gurob (Northern Egypt) by archeologist W.M.F. Petrie • Seemingly a practice strictly for females • Female mummies from around 2,000 B.C.

5. Tattooed women in ancient egypt • Multiple female mummies with permanent skin markings found in Akhmim • Believed to have been “dancing girls” or “concubines” • High priestess Amunet buried at Deir el-Bahari (Luxor) • Anatomical distribution of markings suggests therapeutic use of tattoos • Upper and inner thighs • Abdomen • Also believed to be used for protection during pregnancy and childbirth • Depictions of household deity Bes • Net like abdominal pattern

6. This is an ancient Egyptian figurine depicting the patterns of permanent markings on females around 2,000 B.C. (“Ancient Egyptian Figurine”, Decamps)

7. Ötzi the iceman • Discovered by passing tourists in 1991 near the Italian-Austrian border • Named after the Ötztal region where he was found • Frozen since around 3,100 B.C. (about 5,200 years old) • 57 carbon tattoos of mostly lines, dots and crosses • Odd placement (lower spine, knees and ankle joints) • Believed to have been therapeutic

8. (“Ötzi the Iceman: Up close and personal”, Staschitz& Samadelli)

9. Giolo the tattooed slave • Brought back to London from the Philippines by pirate and explorer William Dampier in 1691 with promises of fame and riches • A.K.A. the Painted Prince or Prince Jeoly • Toured around at English carnivals as the first known exhibition of a human being for entertainment purposes • Died of smallpox within three months of his arrival in England

10. The “noble savage” • Polynesian man named Omai from the island of Huaheine(near Tahiti) • Brought back by Captain James Cook & toured by his colleague • Taught to assimilate into high English society • Wore robes that showed only his hands and arms • Was presented to King George III and Queen Charlotte • Attended the theatre and exclusive high class events as a novelty • Triggered a brief craze for tattoos among the elite • Returned home in 1776 with lots of money and expensive gifts

11. Portrait of Omai by Sir Joshua Reynolds being prepared for public display (The Tribune)

12. A pivotal point in tattoo history • Voyages of Captain Cook became directed at observing in detail the body art of exotic lands and the tools used to create it • Deckhands brought back vivid accounts of tattoos which sparked huge interest among Europeans, especially English sailors • Constant interaction between sailors and circus folk in Europe and America formed the beginnings of the artistic tattoo culture of today

13. “come one, come all!” • Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens, London 1772 • Side shows and “freak shows” perfect vessel for tattoo culture • John Rutherford • World’s first “homegrown” tattooed man • Made his debut in Bristol, England in 1827 • James F. O’Connell • First tattooed man exhibited in the U.S. in 1841 • CLAIMED to have been captured and tattooed by natives of Pohnpei • Bert Grimm • Famous artist from St. Louis • Told stories of tattooing Bonnie & Clyde & other famous outlaws in the 1930s

14. Left & Bottom: (Corbett) Top: (Pednaud)

15. Tattooed ladies • Mainly for soldiers, sailors and tattooed men in side shows until… • Nora Hildebrandt! • Daughter of German tattoo artist Martin Hildebrandt (NYC) • Different tattoo every day of the year • Made her debut at Bunnell’s Museum in NYC in 1882 • Went on the road with Barnum and Bailey’s Traveling Circus in the early 1890s • Usually wore a corset top with matching bloomers, pearls and a flirty feather hat (arguably the first pin-up girl)

16. Meredith in a past life… (Machado) (“Tattooed Ladies” The Art of Pain )

17. Painting of Annie and • Frank Howard, the world’s • first tattooed couple who • made their debut with • Barnum and Bailey’s Circus • in 1885. Both were tattooed • by Sam O’Reilly. • (“The Tattooed Couple”, • Kelley)

18. O’reilly’s gun • New York tattoo artist Samuel O’Reilly patented the first tattoo gun in 1891 • Immigrated from Ireland around 1875 • Operated a couple “shoebox” shops in NYC (Broadway & The Bowery in lower Manhattan) • Charles Wagner • O’Reilly’s apprentice • Improved on O’Reilly’s design and patented a newer version in 1904 • Took over O’Reilly’s shop in The Bowery after his death in 1908 and continued to work there until his death in 1953

19. (“Wagner’s Gun” McGrath & Caissie) (“O’Reilly” Tattoo Archive)

20. War on the naked lady • In 1909 the U.S. government proclaimed that young men could not enlist in the Navy if they had a naked lady tattoo which were extremely popular • This edict was reinstated for WWII, which led to the rise of the vintage pin-up girl tattoo • Also led to the idea of tattoo cover-ups (Michalak)

21. “sailor jerry” the man, the myth, the legend • Norman “Sailor Jerry” Collins • Born on the west coast (A.KA. the best coast) in 1911 • Father nicknamed him “Jerry” after the family mule • Traveled around the country hopping freight trains & doing hand-poking tattoos in his teens • Arrived in Chicago at age 19 & apprenticed with artist Gib “Tatts” Thomas • Enlisted in The Great Lakes Naval Academy & traveled the globe on schooner ships • Developed an obsession with Asian art and culture during his travels to the far east (“The Man” William Grant & Sons)

22. (“Sailor Jerry Business Card” NY Tattoo School) • Settled in Honolulu in the 1920s and tattooed at his small shop on Hotel St. in Chinatown for the next 40 years • Extremely popular among sailors stationed at Pearl Harbor • Often referred to as the “father” of old-school tattooing • His unique style of tattooing with a perfect mix of Asian and American influences led him to become the first American to infiltrate the highly secretive world of the Japanese tattoo masters called “Horis” • Died in Honolulu in 1973 • Sailor Jerry company formed by fans

23. Trouble in paradise • By the 1950s the government (A.KA. “the man”) was cracking down on rules and regulations in tattoo shops • Sanitation, “obscene” tattooing, etc. • Led to many shop closings & artist retirements (Delacourt)

24. The tattoo goes “mainstream” • 1960s brought about the hippie culture • Younger generation • Young women began redefining what was/wasn’t socially acceptable • Janis Joplin • Rock n’ Roll singer from Texas (Big Brother and the Holding Company) • Racy personality & wasn’t afraid to show it • Florentine bracelet (left wrist), small heart design (left breast) & small flower (right ankle) all done by Lyle Tuttle in San Francisco, CA (Suer)

25. Tattoos today • Extremely safe/ sanitary if done by a professional • Still a somewhat controversial subject • Tattoos in the workplace • Generation gap • Successful artists in the world of business • Kat Von D (LA Ink, Miami Ink, High Voltage Tattoo, makeup line) • Ed Hardy (Christian Audigier, Hardy Marks Publishing Company) • Dirk Vermin (Bad Ink) • Tattoos in the media • Widely acceptable • TV shows, magazines, etc. • Celebrities and public figures with tattoos

26. Who has tattoos? • Poll by Harris Interactive • 2,016 adults surveyed online from January 16-23 2012 • 1 in 5 U.S. adults have at least one tattoo (21% of U.S. population) • Also, of those surveyed… • 86% do not regret • 30% sexier • 25% rebellious • 21% more attractive/strong

27. Works Cited • Adams, Mark. "History of Tattooing." History of Tattooing. Tribaland, n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. • Corbett, Cailee. Circus side show. Digital image. OTIS Learning Portfolio. Diglication, 25 Feb. 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. • Corbett, Cailee. Painted banner advertising tattoo artist Stoney St. Clair. Digital image. OTIS Learning Portfolio. Diglication, 25 Feb. 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. • Decamps, Christian. Ancient Egyptian Figurine. Digital image. History and Civilization. History and Civilization, Dec. 2012. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. • Delacourt, Susan. 1950's Angry Politician. Digital image. National Post Full Comment Susan

28. Works Cited Cont.. • Harris Interactive, comp. "Table 1 WHO HAS TATTOOS?" Harris Interactive. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. • Hartzman, Marc. "Opening Bally." Introduction. American Sideshow: An Encyclopedia of • History's Most Wondrous and Curiously Strange Performers. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin, 2005. 2-3. Print. • Kelley, Pat. The Tattooed Couple. Digital image. Sideshow World. Pat Kelley Illustration, May 2010. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.

29. Works Cited Cont.. • Lineberry, Cate. "Tattoos." Smithsonian. Smithsonian, 1 Jan. 2007. Web. 29 Mar. 2014. • The Man | Sailor Jerry. Digital image. Sailor Jerry. William Grant& Sons, 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. • McGrath, Matthew, and Jason Caissie. "Wagner's Gun." MCGrathTattoos. McGrath Tattoos, n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. • Michalak, Jodie. Pin-Up Girl Tattoo. Digital image. About.com. About.com, n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

30. Works Cited Cont.. • Pednaud, J. T. Depictions of four tattooed men. Digital image. The Human Marvels. All Derivative Works, n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. • PORTLAND'S INKED CITIZENS. Digital image. More Intelligent Life. Economist Newspaper Limited, 2013. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. • A portrait of a polynesian prince by Sir Joshua Reynolds being prepared for public display. Digital image. The Tribune. N.p., 21 May 2005. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. • Sailor Jerry Business Card. Digital image. Sailor Jerry | Body and Soul Tattoos | Blog | Jersey City. The Academy of Responsible Tattooing- NY Tattoo School, 2014. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.

31. Works Cited Cont.. • Samuel O'Reilly. Digital image. Samuel O'Reilly. Tattoo Archive, 2011. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. • Staschitz, Gregor, and Marco Samadelli. "Ötzi the Iceman: Up Close and Personal.” NewScientist. NewScientist, 13 May 2009. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. • Suer, Kinsley. Janis Joplin. Digital image. PCS Blog. Portland Center Stage, 9 June 2011. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. • The Tattooed Ladies. Digital image. The Art of Pain. Word Press, n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. • Tucker, Abigail. "History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places | Smithsonian." History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places | Smithsonian. Smithsonian, Oct. 2010. Web. 31 Mar. 2014.

32. Works Cited Cont.. • Nieratko, Chris. "Kat Von D." Inked Magazine. N.p., 18 Jan. 2008. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. "Biography." Biography - Hardy Marks Publications and Don Ed Hardy Archive. Hardy Marks Publications, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. • Clerk, Carol. Vintage Tattoos: The Book of Old-school Skin Art. New York, NY: Universe, 2009. Print.