長期成本

1. 長期成本

2. Long run cost minimization

3. 邊學邊做8.1

4. W=25, r=100 FIGURE 8-2 Long-Run Total Cost Curve for Learning-By-Doing Exercise 8.1

5. (Figure continues on next slide) Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-01 FIGURE 8-1 Cost Minimization and the Long-Run Total Cost Curve for a Producer of Television Sets

6. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-01 continued FIGURE 8-1 (Continued)

7. How does the long-run total cost curve shift when input prices change? • Just one input price changes • All input prices change proportionately

8. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-03 FIGURE 8-3 How a Change in the Price of Capital Affects the Optimal Input Combination and Long-Run Total Cost for a Producer of Television Sets

9. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-04 FIGURE 8-4 How a Change in the Price of Capital Affects the Long-Run Total Cost Curve for a Producer of Television Sets

10. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-05 FIGURE 8-5 How a Proportionate Change in the Prices of All Inputs Affects the Cost-Minimizing Input Combination

11. Application 8.1 • The long-run cost of Trucking , 2

12. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-06 FIGURE 8-6 Long-Run Total Cost Curve for a Trucking Firm

13. (Figure continues on next slide) Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-07 FIGURE 8-7 Deriving Average and Marginal Cost from the Total Cost Curve

14. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-07 continued FIGURE 8-7 (Continued)

15. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-09 FIGURE 8-9 Relationship Between the Average and Marginal Cost Curves

16. 長期平均成本與邊際成本

17. W=25, r=100 FIGURE 8-8 Long-Run Average and Marginal Cost Curves for Learning-By-Doing Exercise 8.2

18. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-10 FIGURE 8-10 The Average and Marginal Cost Curves for University Education at U.S. Universities

19. Quiz (0331) • In the study of Rajindar and Manjulika Koshal (1005) how school size affects the average and marginal cost of higher education ?

20. 為何大學的邊際成本遞減? • 學生增加, 圖書館會增蓋?

21. 範例8.2中提到學校額外增加一名學生的邊際成本會低於位學生的平均成本，因此增加學生人數可以降低學生的平均成本，如果是這樣為何碩士在職專班人數只有20人一班，似乎有些規模不經濟，是否應該要增加成一班至少30-40人，降低平均成本!範例8.2中提到學校額外增加一名學生的邊際成本會低於位學生的平均成本，因此增加學生人數可以降低學生的平均成本，如果是這樣為何碩士在職專班人數只有20人一班，似乎有些規模不經濟，是否應該要增加成一班至少30-40人，降低平均成本!

22. Economies of scale • Economies of scale : average cost decreases as output goes up • diseconomies of scale : average cost increases as output goes up

23. Causes of economies of scale • Increasing returns to scale • Indivisible inputs available only in a certain minimum size. Its quantity cannot be scaled down as the firm’s output goes to zero 生產線機器 就長期考慮也是需要最小的設備規模 • Specialization of labor

24. Causes of diseconomies of scale • decreasing returns to scale • Managerial diseconomies : a given percentage increase in output forces the firm to increases its spending on the services of the managers by more than this percentage • Key individual’s contribution cannot be replicated • 宏碁 vs 華碩

25. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-11 FIGURE 8-11實證研究結果:Real-World Average Cost Curve

26. MES • MES: minimum efficient scale : the smallest quantity at which the long run average cost curve attains it minimum point • MES and industry structure : 表 8.1 p276 • MES 愈大表示:市場愈不競爭

27. Economies of scale and returns to scale • Increasing returns to scale : economies of scale • decreasing returns to scale : diseconomies of scale • 表8.3 (p277)自行練習

28. Application 8.2 • The costs of higher education, 2

29. Application 8.3 • Economies of Scale in Refining Alumina

30. Application 8.4 • 為何而併? • Economies of scale or • Reduce competition

31. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-12 FIGURE 8-12醫院合併Average Cost Curves for “Backoffice後勤” Activities in a Hospital

32. Measure the extent of economies of scale ~表8.5

33. 短期成本

34. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-16 FIGURE 8-16 Short-Run Marginal and Average Cost Curves

35. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-13 FIGURE 8-13 Short-Run Total Cost Curve

36. 短期成本與長期成本

37. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-14 FIGURE 8-14 Why Total Costs Are Higher in the Short Run than in the Long Run

38. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-15 FIGURE 8-15 Relationship Between Short-Run and Long-Run Total Cost Curves

39. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-17 FIGURE 8-17 The Long-Run Average Cost Curve as an Envelope Curve

40. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-18 FIGURE 8-18 The Relationship Between the Long-Run Average and Marginal Cost Curves and the Short-Run Average and Marginal Cost Curves

41. 短期最適化:邊學邊做 8.4~圖8.19:w=25, r=100

42. Application 8.5 • Tracking Railroad Costs, 2, 3 • BDT(1984)(JIE)

43. Quiz (0421) • Why did US shipping freight by the train in the 1990s take longer than it have 30 years earlier ?

44. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 8, Figure 08-20 FIGURE 8-20 Long-Run and Short-Run Average Cost Curves for a Railroad

45. Economies of scope

46. 例子 • 範疇經濟也就是多樣化經濟，即企業在生產不同的產品時，若出現成本遞減的現象，則就可稱之為範疇經濟。例如聯合報系在出刊報合報以後，還可以利用同樣的印報機器來出刊民生報、聯合晚報，此即範疇經濟的表現；此外，美語補習班除了教美語以外，還可代辦申請赴美念書或辦理旅遊等等。

47. Reasons • A firm’s ability to use a common input to make and sell more than one output • ~金控的範疇經濟

48. Application 8.6 • Economies of Scope for the Swoosh , 2 • Swoosh

49. Economies of experience • Cost advantages thatresult from accumulated experience • Learning by doing • Experience curve : a relationship between average variable costs and cumulative production volume • Why not “average fixed costs?”

50. Economies of scale and economies of experience • 排課: 9學分都教個體~economies of scale • 一直都教個體: 累積經驗~ economies of experience • 製程改善,….