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The Great Divide

Explore the process of mitosis, the stages involved, and why cell division is crucial for growth, repair, and reproduction. Discover how cells divide, when they divide the fastest and slowest, and why some cells stop dividing. Learn the importance of identical daughter cells and how mitosis plays a role in asexual reproduction.

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The Great Divide

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  1. Mitosis: The Great Divide 05/04

  2. To Be Answered… THINK: • How many cells are you composed of? • When an organism grows bigger do you get more cells or just bigger cells or both? • When do your cells divide the fastest? Slowest? • Do cells ever stop dividing? • Are all cells capable of division and replacement?

  3. Why Would a Cell Divide? • As cells absorb nutrients and get larger, the volume of the cell increases faster than the surface area • This means that a cell can no longer absorb nutrients and get rid of wastes fast enough to support its demands (volume) • So what’s a cell to do? • Solution: divide in 2! Surface area for exchange not great enough to support cell’s needs

  4. When Would a Cell Divide? • Growth • Repair or Replacement • Cancer Different cells divide at different rates: • Most mammalian cells = 12-24 hours • Some bacterial cells = 20-30 minutes

  5. Getting Older… • All cells are only allowed to complete a certain number of divisions • Then they die (programmed cell death) How does cell division change over a lifetime? • Childhood = cell division > cell death • Adulthood = cell division = cell death • The Later Years = cell division < cell death

  6. The Cell Cycle

  7. Stages of the Cell Cycle • 2 stages = interphase (growth & replication of DNA) & mitotic phase (division of cell into 2 daughter cells) • Cell spends about 90% of the time in interphase

  8. Interphase • Divided into 3 phases: • G1 (1st gap) = small cell is absorbing nutrients, growing & doing its job (i.e. making proteins) • S (synthesis) = cell is continuing to grow & duplicates its DNA(i.e. chromosomes) in preparation for making duplicate cells during mitosis • G2 (2nd gap) = cell keeps growing & doing its job (i.e. making proteins); it grows toobig…solution = divide in 2

  9. Mitosis: A Closer Look Interphase • Prior to entering the mitotic phase, the cell has just come out of interphase • Replicated DNA during S (synthesis) • 2 complete sets of chromosomes that must be distributed equally between 2 cells = mitosis

  10. The Mitotic Phase • Equal distribution of 2 sets of chromosomes (DNA) into 2 identical daughter cells • Divided into 4 stages of Mitosis: • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase • Cytokinesis

  11. Cell Cycle Tidbits How long is one cell cycle? • Depends on the cell- skin cells = ~24 hours, nerve cells = never after maturity, cancer cells = very short • Remember: every cell only has a certain # of divisions it can undergo, then it dies = apoptosis (programmed cell death)

  12. Prophase • Chromatin condenses visible chromosomes • Appear as sister chromatids held together by centromere • Nuclear membrane dissolves • The centrioles migrate to opposite poles & spindle fibers form between them • http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_dna_coiling.htm

  13. Metaphase • Chromosomes line-up on the metaphase plate • Centromeres are attached to spindle fibers

  14. Anaphase • Centromeres divide • Spindle fibers contract • Result = sister chromatids are pulled away from one another towards the poles

  15. Telophase • The chromosomes reach the poles • Nuclear membranes form around the 2 new nuclei

  16. Cytokinesis • The cytoplasm distributed equally between the 2 new cells • In animals, a cleavage furrow forms from outside in • In plants, a cell plate forms from inside out Plant Animal

  17. What Mitosis Actually Looks Like Interphase Metaphase Prophase Telophase Anaphase http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/mitosis/mitosis_gif2.html http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/bio1int.htm

  18. Summary of Mitosis

  19. What Happens After Mitosis? • The cell returns to interphase • Chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin • The cycle repeats itself over & over…

  20. At What Stage Are Our Cells At In The Cell Cycle? • Different cells can be in different stages • Interphase • Mitosis: • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase • Cytokinesis

  21. Can You Identify the Stages of Mitosis? Put the following mitosis stages in the correct sequence

  22. The Guarantee • The product of mitosis is 2 cells • The daughter cells are identicalto each other & to the mother cell Mother cell Identical daughter cells Why is this so important?

  23. The Daughter Cells • In humans, the 2 daughter cells will have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) • 1 chromosome originally from mom & 1 from dad • Each chromosome is said to have the same gene sequence Identical daughter cells

  24. The Beauty of Asexual Reproduction • Mitosis is a form of asexual reproduction • New individuals are produced by 1 parent & thus, are identical to their parent Mother cell Runners produces by strawberries Identical daughter cells Budding by hydra & yeast Cuttings from plants

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