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Introduction. Beginning-(~1500AD) da Vinci saw fossils in rks of Italian Apennines Concluded fossils once living marine organisms. Introduction. Steno- 1669-important contributor Principle of Original Horizontality Principle of Superposition Principle of Lateral Continuity.
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Introduction • Beginning-(~1500AD) da Vinci saw fossils in rks of Italian Apennines • Concluded fossils once living marine organisms
Introduction • Steno- 1669-important contributor • Principle of Original Horizontality • Principle of Superposition • Principle of Lateral Continuity
Steno Principles • Lateral Continuity • www.cerritos.edu Superposition Original Horizontality
II. Development of Sed Strat as Science • Organization of sed rocks—Arduino (1714-15) divided rocks • Primary Mtns-metallic ores no fossils • Secondary Mtns-Stratified, lithified, fossiliferous, no fossils • Tertiary low Mtns- Fossiliferous, unconsolidated gravels, sands clay, volcanics • Alluvium- Sediment washed down from mtns
II. Development of Sed Strat as Science • Geologic Cycle and Uniformitarianism • James Hutton (1727-1797)-Scottish Physician, farmer • Noted cyclicity to earth’s behavior • Uplift, erosion, transport, deposition • Established Principle of Uniformitarianism or Actualism • present key to past but rates change and catastrophes occur
II. Development of Sed Strat as Science • Birth of Biostratigraphy & Stratigraphic Correlation • William Smith(1769-1839)-English surveyor, engineer • “father” of biostratigraphy • Canal builder noted relationship of fossils & rocks • Established law of faunal succession—fossils succeed each other in organized & recognizable fashion • Produced first geologic map
Birth of Biostratigraphy & Stratigraphic Correlation • D’Orbigny (1842)-developed biologic stage for rock division • strata systematically follow each other with characteristic fossil assemblage • Oppel (1856)- developed biologic zone • Rocks deposited during existence of specific fossil • Zones based of first appearance of last appearance of organisms • Zones could be correlated
II. Development of Sed Strat as Science • Petrographic microscope development • Sorby began microscopic study of rocks • Led to description and systematic study of rocks • Geologic Revolution-Seafloor Spreading and Plate Tectonics • 1950-1960s- Renaissance period • More funds, more geophysical exploration, Deep Sea Drilling Project • More oil exploration
New Tools • Magnetic and Seismic Surveying • Identification of normal/reverse periods led to magnetostratigraphy • Seismic surveying could identify units and unconformities, packages of related rocks • Isotope stratigraphy • Use carbon and oxygen isotopes to correlate units
Magnetostratigraphy www.paleomag.net
Seismic Stratigraphy www-odp.tamu.edu
II. Development of Sed Strat as Science • Sedimentary Rocks and Earth History • Paleoclimate • study of ancient climate
II. Development of Sed Strat as Science • Sedimentary Rocks and Earth History • Paleogeography • reconstruction of area for given time in past Wiley.com
II. Development of Sed Strat as Science • Sedimentary Rocks and Earth History • Paleoecology & Evolution • studies relationships between ancient organisms & their environments • Life restoration of a group of giant azhdarchids, Quetzalcoatlus northropi, foraging on a Cretaceous fern prairie. palaeoblog.blogspot.com
II. Development of Sed Strat as Science • Sedimentary Rocks and Earth History • Paleoceanography & Ancient Atmosphere • Composition of ancient oceans and atmosphere using isotopes Frank Corsetti
