Nuclear Physics

1. Nuclear Physics Year 13 Option 2006 Part 3 – Nuclear Fission

2. Nuclear Fission • In the 1930s physicists tried to make transuranic elements by bombarding uranium with neutrons • Neutron rich nuclei decay by beta emmision • Possible to produce Np and Pu • Write the nuclear equations for these processes

3. Induced and Spontaneous Fission • Other light nuclei were also produced eg Ba and Kr – fission had occurred • This is an example of neutron induced fission • In terms of the liquid drop model, why is it necessary to induce the reaction? • http://www.visionlearning.com/library/flash_viewer.php?oid=2391&mid=59 • Other nuclei can undergo spontaneous fission

4. Induced Fission

5. Neutron sources • The chain reaction is started by inserting some beryllium mixed with polonium, radium or other alpha-emitter. Alpha particles from the decay cause a release of neutrons from the beryllium as it turns to carbon-12. • Can you write a nuclear equation for this process?

6. Fission Products

7. Energy from nuclear reactions

8. Energy released from fission reactions • Typical reaction products are: • U-235 + n ===> Ba-144 + Kr-90 + 2n + energy • U-235 + n ===> Ba-141 + Kr-92 + 3n + 170 MeV • U-235 + n ===> Zr-94 + La-139 + 3n + 197 MeV • The total energy released in fission varies with the precise break up, but averages about 200 MeV for U-235 or 3.2 x 10-11 joule. That from Pu-239 is about 210 MeV per fission. (This contrasts with 4 eV or 6.5 x 10-19 J per molecule of carbon dioxide released in the combustion of carbon in fossil fuels.) • These are total available energy release figures, consisting of kinetic energy values (Ek) of the fission fragments plus neutron, gamma and delayed energy releases which add about 30 MeV.

9. Binding Energy

10. Probability of fission occurring • The probability that fission or any another neutron-induced reaction will occur is described by the cross-section for that reaction. The cross-section may be imagined as an area surrounding the target nucleus and within which the incoming neutron must pass if the reaction is to take place. The fission and other cross sections increase greatly as the neutron velocity reduces. Hence in nuclei with an odd-number of neutrons, such as U-235, the fission cross-section becomes very large at thermal energies.

11. Neutron cross sections

13. Controlling Fission • When one nucleus falls apart it sends out a few neutrons. These can trigger fission in other nuclei, if they hit them. In a small piece of U235, the neutrons are unlikely to hit another nucleus before they leave. In a bigger piece, they have much more chance of hitting another nucleus. Once the average number of new fissions made by the neutrons from each previous fission gets bigger than one, the chain reaction grows until it blows the material apart. • The critical mass for uranium is 15kg , radius 6cm • About the size of a grapefruit

14. Chain Reaction

15. U-235 and U-238 • One of the differences between U235 and its common relative U238 is that U235 fissions very easily. Fission is the process of "splitting" an atom, releasing large amounts of energy, mostly in the form of heat. • Unfortunately, U235 is relatively rare (approx. 0.71% of natural Uranium ore) so the uranium ore is processed to provide a mixture that has more of the U235 isotope in it (around 4%). This is called "enriched uranium." The byproduct of this processing is U238 with almost no U235 in it at all, and that is "depleted uranium."

16. Plutonium production • U238 is not very fissile. When bombarded by neutrons released by U235 fission, it absorbs neutrons and decays to become Pu239-- Plutonium. The Pu239 isotope of plutonium is fissile, and works even better than U238. It occurs very rarely in nature, and is mostly produced in nuclear reactors as a byproduct (or in so-called breeder reactors designed specifically to produce plutonium) and is used almost exclusively in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons.

17. The Fission Chain Reaction • If a chain reaction is to be maintained, the minimum condition is that for each nucleus capturing a neutron and undergoing fission, on the average there must be another neutron which causes fission in another nucleus.

18. Neutron Balance in a Chain Reaction • 100 slow neutrons cause fission of U-235 • On average 256 further neutrons produced • 100 for new fissions • 90 captured by U-238 to form Pu-239 + 2beta • 30 absorbed by moderator • 20 captured by U-235 to become U-236 • 9 escape from core • 5 absorbed by structure • 2 absorbed by control rods

19. Delayed neutrons • Situation can become supercritical in a matter of milliseconds • Delayed neutrons are produced from fission products with various half lives • These delayed neutrons allow reaction to be controlled • The flux of delayed neutrons holds the balance between runaway reaction and one that grinds to a halt

20. Nuclear Power Plant

21. Fast Breeder Reactors • The Pu-239 produced as a by-product in thermal reactors can be used • It is fissionable with fast neutrons – Pu-240 • So no need for a moderator to slow them • On average 2.91 additional neutrons are produced per fission (2.56 in U-235) • Only 1 needed to sustain reaction • Others can be captured by U-238 surrounding core to breed more Pu-239 • Lots of U-238 left in world • Liquid sodium used as coolant • Together with toxicity of Pu gives major design problems