Kegley 5 th Edition

1. Kegley 5th Edition Chapter 3 The Historical Setting of Contemporary World Politics

2. Long Cycle Thesis Patterns of general world stability and great power conflict may be cyclical Stability/peace prevails when balance among great powers is stable Great power war emerges when major transitions of relative power or alliances disturbs balance

3. WWI Quick, impulsive, reactionary decision making by leaders of Austria, Russia & Serbia Which level of analysis? Individual State System

4. WWI Rising levels of ethnic nationalism in Germany, Serbia, Russia led to perceptions of “others” as different, hostile, lesser. Compromise more difficult with mutual disdain. Which level of analysis? Individual State System

5. WWI Germany’s and Russia’s economic and political might had dramatically increased. Ottoman and Austria Hungarian empires’ economies and political clout had declined significantly Which level of analysis? Individual State System

6. WWI • Changing military technologies introduced new uncertainties • Trains • Automatic weapons • Early tanks • Blimps • New military theory: • Karl von Clauswitz • Offense is dominant • Early mobilization = victory • Wars likely to be short and decisive

7. WWI Tight, ridged, alliances Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire France, Britain, Russia Which level of analysis? Individual State System

8. WWI Effects Outcomes: Collapse of: • Austria-Hungarian Empire • Ottoman Empire • Russian Empire • Russian Revolution • Germany pared down • Treaty of Versailles

9. WWI Effects • Germany pared down • Treaty of Versailles • Punitive Peace • Strict military limits • Official blame • Reparations • German humiliation, resentment • Create Czechoslovakia, Poland

10. WWI Effects • Wilson’s 14 points • League of Nations • International law • Territorial integrity and self-determination • Democracy • Free trade • Disarmament • Mostly stillborn

11. WWI Effects • Discredited Offense Dominant Thesis • Increased costs of war • Promoted greater caution • More reticence to react quickly or aggressively • Concern about arms races • Arms limitation treaties • Attempt to balance power through negotiations

12. WWII Origins • Proximate Cause • Hitler’s aggressive nationalism • Chamberlain’s, Stalin’s choices to placate, or “appease” German demands • Which Level of analysis? • Individual • State • System

13. WWII Origins • Weak Weimar government in Germany • Little legitimacy • Little success in resolving or alleviating German resentment of WWI humiliations and losses • Hitler named prime minister of a coalition government • Reichstag building burns • Emergency powers • Suspends constitution

14. WWII Origins Hitler’s expansion in Czechoslovakia Abrogation of military limits in Versailles treaty Appeasement reaction of Chamberlain “Peace in our time” US Isolationism: Enable Hitler? Enable Japanese expansion in China?

15. WWII Outcome Change to Bipolar World United Nations Transition from British Hegemony in trade and monetary system

16. Cold War • Individual leaders? Stalin, Mao, Truman, Eisenhower, de Gaulle • Ideology? • Capitalist Democracy VS Socialist Authoritarianism • Containment – domino theory • Comintern – communist expansionary zeal

17. Cold War • Geopolitical clash of interests b/t US and USSR • Military • Economic • Atomic / nuclear weapons???

18. Cold War Was the Cold War really cold? Korean War Vietnam War Etc…

19. Key Terms • appeasement A strategy of making concessions to another state in the hope that, satisfied with the concessions, it will not make additional claims. • bandwagon The tendency for weak states to seek alliance with the strongest power, regardless of that power’s ideology or form of government, in order to increase security. • bipolar An international system with two dominant power centers. • Carter Doctrine A declaration to use military force to prevent outside powers from gaining control over the Persian Gulf. • containment A strategy to prevent another state from using force to expand its sphere of influence. • détente A strategy of relaxing tensions between adversaries to reduce the possibility of war. • domino theory A metaphor popular during the Cold War, which predicted that if one state fell to communism, its neighbors would also fall in a chain reaction, like a row of falling dominoes.

20. Key terms hegemon A single, overwhelmingly powerful state that exercises predominate influence over the global system. imperial overstretch The historical tendency of hegemons to weaken themselves through costly foreign pursuits that drain their resources. isolationism A policy of withdrawing from active participation with other actors in world affairs and instead concentrating state efforts on managing internal affairs. linkage theory The assertion that U.S. cooperation with the Soviet Union in one policy area was contingent on acceptable Soviet conduct in other areas. long-cycle theory A theory that focuses on the rise and fall of the leading global power as the central political process of the modern world system. mirror images The tendency of people in competitive interaction to perceive each other similarly—to see an adversary the same way as an adversary sees them. multipolar An international system with more than two dominant power centers. Nixon Doctrine A pledge to provide military and economic support to U.S. allies while holding them responsible for their own security.

21. Key Terms peaceful coexistence Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev’s 1956 doctrine that war between capitalist and communist states is not inevitable and that interbloc competition could be peaceful. rapprochement In diplomacy, a policy seeking to reestablish normal relations between enemies. Reagan Doctrine A pledge of U.S. backing for anticommunist insurgents who sought to overthrow Soviet-supported governments. rollback A strategy that called for liberating countries that were under Soviet domination. self-fulfilling prophecies The tendency for one’s expectations to evoke behavior that helps to make the expectations become true. soft power The ability of a country to get what it wants in international affairs through the attractiveness of its culture, political ideals, and policies. Truman Doctrine The declaration by President Harry S. Truman that U.S. foreign policy would use intervention to support peoples who allied with the United States against external subjugation. unipolar An international system with one dominant power center.