Tuesday Warm Up Q’s

1. Tuesday Warm Up Q’s • What was the purpose of the African National Congress (ANC)? • What happened in Nigeria right after they obtained independence? • Who is Joseph Kenyatta? • Why were European countries so interested in colonizing Africa?

2. How did the new government enforce this new policy? • The implementation of the apartheid, later referred to as "separate development," was made possible by the Population Registration Act of 1950 • This put all South Africans into three racial categories: Bantu (black African), White, or Colored (of mixed race). A fourth category, Asian (Indians and Pakistanis), was added later.

3. Afrikaner Nationalists’ policies • Apartheid was enforced by a series of laws passed in the 1950s: the Group Areas Act of 1950 assigned races to different residential and business sections in urban areas • The Land Acts of 1954 and 1955 • restricted nonwhite residence to specific areas. • further restricted the limits on Blacks owning land • White minority controlled over 80% of S. Africa’s land. • Other laws were passed that limited non white power: • prohibited most social interaction between the races • enforced the segregation of public facilities (schools, jobs) • minimized nonwhite participation in government • Placed non whites into certain “homelands”

5. A number of black political groups, often supported by sympathetic whites, opposed apartheid using a variety of tactics: • including violence, strikes • demonstrations and sabotage – • These tactics were often met with severe consequences from the government.

6. CHANGING THEIR WAYS… • As anti-apartheid pressure mounted within and outside of South Africa, the South African government, led by President F. W. de Klerk, began to dismantle the apartheid system in the early 1990s. • In 1994 the country's constitution was rewritten and free general elections were held for the first time in its history, and with Nelson Mandela's election as South Africa's first black president, the last remnants of the apartheid system were finally outlawed.

7. What role did these men play in ending apartheid in South Africa? NELSON MANDELA F.W. de KLERK

8. Nelson Mandela & F. W. de Klerk • During Apartheid, 2 groups were working to end this South African regime – the African National Congress led by Nelson Mandela, and the Pan African Congress. • Riots and fighting took place constantly - Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life in prison for his work against apartheid. • Eventually, the S. African government had to admit that their policy of apartheid had no place in the modern world. • In 1990, South African President F.W. de Klerk agreed to allow the ANC to operate as a legal party and he released Nelson Mandela from prison after he had served 27 years in prison. • F.W de Klerk also began to repeal the apartheid laws. • Apartheid finally ended in 1994, however South Africa still struggles with high unemployment rates due to the old segregated system.

9. d. Explain the impact of the Pan-African movement. • The Pan-African movement began as a reaction to the terrible experiences of colonial rule and the desire for people of African descent, no matter where they lived in the world, to think of Africa as a homeland. • The first people to support the idea of Pan-Africans were Africans who were living in other parts of the world. They felt all Africans no matter where they lived, shared a bond with each other. They also called for Africans all over the continent to think of themselves as one people and to work for the betterment of all. • They wanted to end European control of the continent and to make Africa a homeland for all people of African descent. • While the peaceful unification of Africa has never taken place, the Pan-African movement can take a lot of credit for sparking independence movements that left nearly all African nations free of colonial rule by the 1980s.

10. The numbers don’t lie . . . Blacks Whites Population Land allocation Share of national income Minimum taxable income Doctors/population Infant mortality rate Annual expenditure on education per student Teacher/student ratio 19 million 4.5 million 13% 87% <20% 75% 360 rands 750 rands 1/44,000 1/400 20%-40% 2.7% $45 $696 1/60 1/22

11. Pan-African Movement • The Pan-African movement began as a reaction to the terrible experiences of colonial rule and the desire for people of African descent, no matter where they lived in the world, to think of Africa as a homeland. The first people to support the idea of Pan-Africans were Africans who were living in other parts of the world.

12. People who supported this movement felt that all Africans, no matter where they lived, shared a bond with each other. They also called for Africans all over the continent to think of themselves as one people and to work for the betterment of all. Above: a meeting of pan-African supporters in Harlem in New York City

13. The Pan-African Movement wanted to end European control of the continent and to make Africa a homeland for all people of African descent. Those in the movement also hoped that African countries would work together to improve each country’s economy.

14. While the peaceful unification of Africa has never taken place, the Pan-African movement can take a lot of credit for sparking independence movements that left nearly all African nations free of colonial rule by the 1980s.