1 / 18

Stem Cells

Stem Cells. S.V. Table of Contents. What are Stem Cells? Classification of Stem Cells Current Uses of Stem Cells Legal Restrictions Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Therapeutic Cloning Potential Use of Stem Cells New & Exciting Research Conclusion. Stem Cells.

delila
Download Presentation

Stem Cells

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. StemCells S.V.

  2. Table of Contents • What are Stem Cells? • Classification of Stem Cells • Current Uses of Stem Cells • Legal Restrictions • Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells • Therapeutic Cloning • Potential Use of Stem Cells • New & Exciting Research • Conclusion

  3. Stem Cells Stem cells are pluripotent. Stem cells serve as a repair system for the body. Stem cells have the potential in many different areas of health and medical research. By studying stem cells we can understand diseases and how serious conditions occur. Stem cells may be used one day in the future to make cells and tissues for therapy for many different diseases.

  4. Classification Embryonic • Potential as Therapy: • ES cells are pluripotent • ES cells are a promising source of cells for treating diseases • Formed as a normal part of embryonic development • Can be isolated from an early embryo and grown in a dish • Special Considerations: • Patient’s immune system will recognize transplanted stem cells as foreign and attack them • Ethical Considerations: • when hES cells are isolated from an embryo the embryo is destroyed

  5. Classification Somatic • Also called adult stem cells • Exist naturally in body • Important for growth, healing, and replacing cells lost through daily wear and tear • Can become only a subset of related cell types • Potential as Therapy: • Can treat blood and skin diseases • Only certain cells can be produced from somatic stem cells • Special Considerations: • Cells low in abundance • Difficult to isolate and grow in culture • Can be transplanted but will be attacked by patient’s immune system • Ethical Considerations: • Not controversial • Same ethical considerations that apply to all medical procedures

  6. Current Uses Skin Disease Therapies • Stem cell therapies are not new • Somatic Cell Therapy for blood and skin diseases • Regenerative capabilities of human skin to treat victims of severe burns using skin transplants • Possible cause stem cells located under top layer of skin that reproduce worn out skin cells daily • After severe burns, source of these reproducing stem cells are destroyed • Past: used to treat burns by transplanting sections of skin of undamaged area to burned areas but if not enough unharmed skin found then no treatment • Now: scientists grow sheets of new skin by culturing stem cells from small pieces of healthy skin

  7. Current Uses Blood &Bone Marrow Therapies • Peripheral Blood and Umbilical Cord Stem Cells • Now we can drive hematopoietic stem cells from blood in umbilical cords and placentas at birth and from peripheral blood • Problem with PBSC’s is that due to small quantity it’s difficult to collect enough for a transplant • Umbilical cord blood lacks immune cells so there is less chance of transplanted cells will attack recipients body • Stem cells from umbilical cords and placentas are more accessible than from the bone marrow • Can already treat leukemia, sickle cell anemia, bone marrow damage, some metabolic disorders and immunodeficiencies where the body has lost ability to replenish its healthy blood cells • Hematopoietic stem cell gives rise to all blood cells • Only way to use hematopoietic stem cells is bone marrow transplants • Scientists are exploring new use for these stem cells that go beyond blood related diseases

  8. Legalities Canada: • Governed by Assisted Humans Reproduction Act Protect principles of free and informed consent, human dignity, non-commercialization of gametes and embryos and respect for embryos • Not ethically acceptable to create human embryos for research • In vitro fertilization embryos may be used • Reproductive and research cloning are prohibited and punishable

  9. How do "Stem Cells” seem to be evolving in the future?

  10. Classification Induced Pluripotent • Potential as Therapy: • Mouse iPS cells can become any cell in body of a mouse • Predictably same for humans • Promising source of cells for treating diseases • Created artificially by reprogramming patient’s cells • Made from readily available somatic cells • An alternate to hES but not the same • Special Considerations: • Much cheaper to generate than ES cells from therapeutic cloning • No danger or immune system rejection • Ethical Considerations: • Same ethical considerations that apply to all medical procedures

  11. Classification Therapeutic Cloning • Potential as Therapy: • in theory, can generate hES cells with potential to become any type of cell in human body • No possible rejection by immune system • Method of cloning patient-specific embryonic stem cells • Also known as nuclear transfer • Ethical Considerations: • Involves creating clone of human being • Destroying cloned embryo • Requires human egg donor • Special Considerations: • Not successful in creating human embryoto blastocyst stage • In animals cloning has been time consuming, inefficient and expensive.

  12. Potential Uses • Resource for Testing New Medical Treatments • By either obtaining or producing stem cells (from embryo, iPS or therapeutic cloning) we can test new medications on these stem cells to see how they react • There are many potential uses and applications of Stem Cells. • The three I am going to discuss are: • Resource for Testing New Medical Treatments • Development and Disease Research • Regenerative Medicine • Development and Disease Research • Development of Embryos • Research on diseases like Parkinson’s or Cancer • Normal stem cells and tumor stem cells exist in low number but can replicate and differentiate • Cancerous stem cells lack control to stop diving • Research in difference in gene expression between normal and tumor stem cells may lead to treatments where the root of the problem occurs

  13. Potential Uses • Regenerative Medicine • New field that aims to use stem cells to repair damaged tissues that can’t heal itself • Many animals can grow new body ports • Regeneration in humans is limited , human stem cells can only heal injuries not replace missing pieces • Scientists are looking for ways to activate stem cells inside the body and coax them to go beyond their natural healing abilities • Some existing drugs can activate stem cells, thus scientists may be able to develop new drugs that will activate other types of stem cells to heal damaged tissue • Scientists trying to use hES and iPS stem cells to grow organs or stem cells to treat diseases or damages • Tissue engineers can grow patches of repaired damaged heart tissue • In animals they can grow whole hearts, livers, lungs and kidneys

  14. New Research • Antipsychotic drug, Thioridazine, found by McMaster University researchers, is a “smart drug” that kills only cancer stem cells and appears to have no effect on normal cells • Was removed from shelved by Health Canada because it causes irregular heartbeat that may cause sudden death • One of 26 drugs found by Bhatia and his team • Studying how Thioridazine works also led McMaster researchers to discover new ways in which cancer stem cells grow and evolve.

  15. Conclusion As we grow from fertilized eggs into fully formed human beings, stem cells give rise to all of our differentiated tissues and organs. Stem cells continue to play an important role throughout our lives as they help to heal and maintain our bodies. Stem cells offer an exciting promise for future therapies and may be used one day to make cells and tissues for therapy for many devastating diseases like Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and Diabetes.

  16. References • DI Gieuseppe, M., Vavitsas, A., Ritter, B., Dr., Fraser, D., Arora, A., & Lisser, B. (2003). The • Importance of the Nervous System. In Nelson Biology 12 (pp. 471-472 • NIH: National Institutes of Health. (2012). Stem Cells. Retrieved May, 2012, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stemcells.html • Euro Stem Cell. (2009, June 1). What are the potential applications of stem cell research? Retrieved May, 2012, from http://www.eurostemcell.org/faq/ what- are-potential-applications-stem-cell-research • Genetic Science Learning Center (1969, December 31) The Nature of Stem Cells. Learn.Genetics. Retrieved May 27, 2012, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/scintro/ • Genetic Science Learning Center (1969, December 31) Stem Cell Quick Reference. Learn.Genetics. Retrieved May 27, 2012, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/quickref/ • Genetic Science Learning Center (1969, December 31) The Stem Cell Debate: Is It Over?. Learn.Genetics. Retrieved May 27, 2012, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/scissues/ • Reiser, J., Ph.D., & LSU Health New Orleans. (n.d.). Mending the Broken Brain: Novel Ways to Repair Brain Damage Using Stem Cells and Genes. Retrieved May, 2012, from http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/genetics_center/louisiana/article_brokenbrain.htm • Genetic Science Learning Center (1969, December 31) Stem Cells In Use. Learn.Genetics. Retrieved May 27, 2012, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/sctoday/ • Genetic Science Learning Center (1969, December 31) Unlocking Stem Cell Potential. Learn. Genetics. Retrieved May 27, 2012, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/scfuture/

  17. References • UBC. (2004, August). Stem Cell Bioengineering. Retrieved May, 2012, from http://www.scq.ubc.ca/ stem-cell-bioengineering/ • National Institute of Health Research. (2009). Stem Cell Basics. Retrieved May 2, 2012, from http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics6.asp • The National Academies. (2009). Stem Cell Basics. Retrieved May, 2012, from http://dels-old.nas.edu/ bls/stemcells/why-stem-cell-research.shtml • The National Academies. (2009). Stem Cell Basics - Ethics. Retrieved May, 2012, from http://dels-old.nas.edu/ bls/stemcells/ethics.shtml • The National Academies. (2009). Stem Cell Basics - Ethics. Retrieved May, 2012, from http://dels-old.nas.edu/ bls/stemcells/working-with-stem-cells.shtml • Stem Cell Network. (2009). Canada's Regulatory Oversight of Stem Cell Research. Retrieved May, 2012, from http://www.stemcellnetwork.ca/ index.php?page=canada-s-regulatory-oversight-of-stem-cell-research • Frketich, J. (2012, May 25). Drug that kills cancer stem cells has safety concerns . Hamilton Spectator. Retrieved from http:/http://www.thespec.com/news/local/article/ 730705--drug-that-kills- cancer-stem-cells-has-safety-concerns

  18. Picture References Slide 3 – http://www.stemcelltreatments.in/stroke Slides 4, 5, 10 & 11 - http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/quickref/ Slide 6 - http://apbrwww5.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomy%20&%20Physiology/2010/2010%20Exam%20Reviews/Exam%202%20Review/Ch%205%20Skin%20Grafts.htm Slide 7 - http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/bone-marrow-transplant.html Slide 9 - http://www.genengnews.com/insight-and-intelligence/california-stem-cell-agency-s-road-to-success-for-next-five-years-will-have-to-run-through-the-clinic/77899540/ Slide 13 - http://repairstemcell.wordpress.com/2011/11/16/adult-stem-cells-and-radiation/ Animation Slide 15 - http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/stemcells/differentiation.html

More Related