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Chapter 55 Reading Quiz

Chapter 55 Reading Quiz. Introduced species are also called ____. In conservation biology, what is MVP an acronym for? Which feature is an attempt to connect severely fragmented land? Using living organisms to detoxify polluted ecosystems is called ____.

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Chapter 55 Reading Quiz

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  1. Chapter 55 Reading Quiz • Introduced species are also called ____. • In conservation biology, what is MVP an acronym for? • Which feature is an attempt to connect severely fragmented land? • Using living organisms to detoxify polluted ecosystems is called ____. • What was your favorite AP Biology topic this year?

  2. 1. Define conservation biology. Why are we encountering a biodiversity crisis? • Conservation biology  a recently conceived subdiscipline of Biology that is dedicated to countering the biodiversity crisis • It is the current rate of extinction that underlies the biodiversity crisis – due to humans degrading the natural environment 

  3. 2. List some examples that indicate that extinction rate estimates are on track. • Extinction rates are estimated from the concept of species-area relations in which the number of species in an area is directly related to the size of the area • On average about 50% of the total number of species will be lost in an area where 90% of the habitat is lost • Approx. 20% of known freshwater fish species have become extinct or threatened during recorded history 

  4. 3. What are the major threats to biodiversity? • Habitat destruction - about 93% of coral reefs have been damaged • Over-exploitation - harvest by hunting or sport - whales, American bison, Galapagos tortoises, lots of fish • Competition from exotic species - Nile perch in Lake Victoria have killed off 200 of 300 species cichlids 

  5. 4. Why is biodiversity vital to human welfare? • Connection to nature aesthetically and ethically • Provide crops, fibers and medicines • Loss of species results in loss of genes and genetic potential • Dependency on ecosystems and other organisms 

  6. 5. What is the focus of conservation biology? • Preservation • Resource conservation • Evolutionary/Ecological View • Goal is to preserve individual species and to sustain ecosystems, where natural selection can continue to function and maintain the genetic variability upon which it acts 

  7. 6. Why does gradual variation in biodiversity correlate with geographical gradients? • Not evenly distributed and there are recognizable patterns of distribution including clines (gradual variation), hot spots, concentrations of diversity, and ranges of migratory species • Energy availability is one factor (tropics) • Habitat heterogeneity – more patchiness, more species • Niche specialization – smaller niches, more species • Population interactions – coevolution, predator-prey relationships diversify communities 

  8. 7. What is a “biodiversity hot spot”? “Endemic species”? • Hot spot  relatively small areas with exceptional concentrations of species • Endemic species  a species found nowhere else • Islands are hot spots of bird extinction • 30% of all bird species are endemic 

  9. 8. How do migratory species present a problem for conservation? • The preservation of a migratory species is complicated by a life history that involves a residence in many locations • Successful conservation efforts require international cooperation and careful preservation of habitat in all ranges of the species • Ex: monarch butterflies, sea turtles, marine mammals, some birds 

  10. 9. Distinguish between endangered and threatened species. • Endangered  species that are in danger of extinction in all or a significant portion of its range • Threatened  species that are likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range 

  11. 10. What is a metapopulation? What are source and sink habitats? • Metapopulation  a subdivided population or a network of subpopulations of a species • A source habitat is one where a population’s reproductive success exceeds mortality • A sink habitat is one where a population’s mortality exceeds reproductive success - need to look at birth and death rates of the species 

  12. 11. What are “population viability analyses”? • PVA is a method of predicting whether or not a particular given will persist in a specific environment • It is generated by computer simulation • They examine the chances of a species persisting or becoming extinct in the habitats available to it 

  13. 12. Distinguish between minimum viable population size and minimum dynamic area. How do we estimate effective population size? • MVP is the smallest number of individuals needed to propagate a population, subpopulation, or species • MDA is the amount of suitable habitat needed to sustain a viable population • The effective population size (Ne) is based on the number of adults that successfully breed (mathematical) 

  14. 13. How might analyzing the viability of selected species help sustain other species? • What we learn from the viability studies of one species may help us develop strategies to sustain other species • Not all species can be systematically studied • This only makes up part of the effort to save species 

  15. 14. What is landscape ecology? How do edges and corridors influence landscape biodiversity? • Landscape ecology is the application of ecological principles to the study of land use patterns • Edges have their own communities in association with their physical features • Movement corridors are strips or clumps of quality habitat that connect patches of natural habitat - help connect metapopulations and promote dispersal - some are artificial to help with animal migration 

  16. 15. Why must nature preserves be functional parts of landscapes? • Protected reserves are subject to outside influences • It must allow natural disruption, such as forest fires • Probably only 10% of the biosphere will ever be protected as nature reserves 

  17. 16. Define restoration ecology and bioremediation. What is sustainable development? • Restoration ecology applies ecological principles to find ways to restore degraded ecosystems as close to their original state as possible • Bioremediation  makes use of living organisms (prokaryotes, fungi) to detoxify a polluted ecosystem • Sustainable development  a plan that provides for the long-term prosperity of human societies and the ecosystems that support them  THE END 

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