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Norman, Kustas et al. (1995)

Treats soil/plant-atmosphere coupling differences explicitly. Accommodates off-nadir thermal sensor view angles . Provides information on soil/plant fluxes and stress. Two-Source Model ( TSM*) Parameterization of Soil & Canopy Sensible Heat Flux (H).

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Norman, Kustas et al. (1995)

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  1. Treats soil/plant-atmosphere coupling differences explicitly Accommodates off-nadir thermal sensor view angles Provides information on soil/plant fluxes and stress Two-Source Model (TSM*) Parameterization of Soil & Canopy Sensible Heat Flux (H) TR(q) ~ fc(q)Tc + [1-fc(q)]Ts Norman, Kustas et al. (1995) TAERO *Past attempts in deriving radiometric–aerodynamic relations for one-source modeling approaches using experimental data have been found to be site and condition specific, and hence not robust for applications in heterogeneous landscapes.

  2. stressed unstressed TSM Parameterization of Soil & Canopy lE lE = lEC + lES lEC lES

  3. Results using TSM versus One-Source Model (OSM) for a Variety of Land Cover/Climate Conditions TA RMSE ~ 55 W m-2 RMSE ~ 50 W m-2 RA TA TOM REX RA TOH RR RX TAC TR(f) TC One-source model HC HS RS RMSE ~ 80 W m-2 RMSE ~ 90 W m-2 TS Two-source model

  4. Comparison of Flux Partitioning Between a Detailed SVAT (Cupid*) versus TSM Under Full Range in Soil and Vegetation Conditions PTC TSM PTC Cupid PTS TSM PTS Cupid *Cupid is a detailed, multi-source SVAT model that simulates a wide variety of physiological and environmental processes simultaneously (Norman, 1979, 1988, 1993).

  5. Application of TSM from Regional to Local Scales Using Time-Differencing Approaches Anderson et al., 1997 Norman et al., 2003 Regional scale DTRAD - GOES fc - MODIS Landscape scale TRAD - TM, ASTER, MODIS fc - TM, ASTER, MODIS Surface temp: Cover fraction:

  6. Concluding Remarks • The TSM is capable of estimating more reliable fluxes than OSM over diverse land cover conditions. • The TSM formulations appear robust even under extremes in moisture/vegetation cover conditions simulated by a detailed SVAT model – Cupid. • The ability of the TSM to partition ET into evaporation and transpiration components provides additional hydrologic information about the moisture status of the soil and canopy system, and about the vertical distribution of moisture in the soil profile (surface layer vs. root zone). • How will TSM formulations be adapted/modified for significant understory (three-source?), for water substrate (rice crop, wetlands) or snow during melt season? • How conservative is the Priestley-Taylor αPTparameter (~1.3 for the canopy only!)used in the TSM formulation for canopy transpiration?

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