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Linking Recreation Demand and Willingness to Pay with the Inclusive Value. John C. Whitehead, Peter A. Groothuis, Rob Southwick. Whitehead (1995a, 1995b). X = a 0 + a 1 C + a 2 Q + a 3 Y WTP( D Q) = b 0 + b 1 C + b 2 D Q + b 3 Y where b 1 ≈ D X if b 1 =0, then WTP = nonuse value
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Linking Recreation Demand and Willingness to Pay with the Inclusive Value John C. Whitehead, Peter A. Groothuis, Rob Southwick
Whitehead (1995a, 1995b) • X = a0 + a1C + a2Q + a3Y • WTP(DQ) = b0 + b1C + b2DQ + b3Y • where b1≈DX • if b1=0, thenWTP = nonuse value • Huang, Haab and Whitehead (1997) …
Whitehead (2005) • When C is hard to measure (multiple sites, access points, etc) • WTP(DQ) = g0 + g1DX + g2DQ + g3Y • DX = f(DQ,Y,Z) • Identification of DX is a hassle …
Sample • Fishing and Hunting license holders in the watershed • 22% response rate • n = 251 license holders • General population sample …
Typical Trip RUM No trip 46% Iosco 6% Arenac 7% Bay 25% Huron 9% Tuscola 6%
WTP > 0? • Would you be willing to make a one-time donation of money to the Saginaw Bay Coastal Marsh Trust Fund within the next 12 months?
WTP > A? • If about 1 percent (1 in 100) of all households in Michigan made a one-time donation of $A, the Trust Fund would have enough money to purchase and manage X acres of coastal marshes. • Remember, if you made a one-time donation of $A into the Trust Fund, you would have $A less to spend on other things. • Also remember that protected marsh would no longer be available for conversion to other uses. • Would you be willing to make a one-time donation of money to the Saginaw Bay Coastal Marsh Trust Fund within the next 12 months?
Conclusions • Recreation nonusers hold nonuse values • Recreation users do not hold nonuse values. • Much of the willingness to pay estimate is comprised of nonuse values and the additivity assumption adopted by Whitehead et al. (2006) is appropriate
Future Research • Other applications … • NC beach recreation (2003 data): inclusive value is positive and statistically statistic but offers no improvement over minimum travel cost