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Arrays and Collections

Learn array basics, declaration, initialization, and accessing elements in C# programming. Explore multidimensional arrays and dynamic lists, with practical examples. Enhance your programming skills with Array classes and methods.

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Arrays and Collections

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  1. 7 Arrays and Collections C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 2nd Edition C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  2. Chapter Objectives • Learn array basics • Declare arrays and perform compile-time initialization of array elements • Access elements of an array • Become familiar with methods of the Array class C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  3. Chapter Objectives (continued) • Write methods that use arrays as parameters • Write classes that include arrays as members and instantiate user-defined array objects • Create two-dimensional arrays including rectangular and jagged types • Use multidimensional arrays C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  4. Chapter Objectives (continued) • Use the ArrayList class to create dynamic lists • Learn about the predefined methods of the string class • Be introduced to the other collection classes • Work through a programming example that illustrates the chapter’s concepts C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  5. Array Basics • Data structure that may contain any number of variables • Variables must be of same type • Single identifier given to entire structure • Individual variables are called elements • Elements accessed through an index • Index also called subscript • Elements are sometimes referred to as indexed or subscripted variables C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  6. Array Basics (continued) • Arrays are objects of System.Array class • Array class includes methods and properties • Methods for creating, manipulating, searching, and sorting arrays • Create an array in the same way you instantiate an object of a user-defined class • Use the new operator • Specify number of individual elements C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  7. Array Declaration • Format for creating an array type [ ] identifier = new type [integral value]; • Type can be any predefined types like int or string, or a class that you create in C# • Integral value is the number of elements • Length or size of the array • Can be a constant literal, a variable, or an expression that produces an integral value C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  8. Array Declaration (continued) Figure 7-1 Creation of an array C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  9. Array Declaration (continued) • Array identifier, name, references first element • Contains address where score[0] is located • First index for all arrays is 0 • Last element of all arrays is always referenced by an index with a value of the length of the array minus one • Can declare an array without instantiating it • The general form of the declaration is: type [ ] identifier; C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  10. Array Declaration (continued) Figure 7-2 Declaration of an array C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  11. Array Declaration (continued) • If you declare array with no values to reference, 2nd step required– dimension the array • General form of the second step is: identifier = new type [integral value]; • Examples constint size = 15; string [ ] lastName = newstring [25]; double [ ] cost = newdouble [1000]; double [ ] temperature = newdouble [size]; int [ ] score; score = newint [size + 15]; Two steps C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  12. Array Initializers • Compile-time initialization • General form of initialization follows: type[ ] identifier = new type[ ] {value1, value2, …valueN}; • Values are separated by commas • Values must be assignment compatible to the element type • Implicit conversion from int to double • Declare and initialize elements in one step C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  13. Array Initializers (continued) • Array length determined by number of initialization values placed inside curly braces • Examples int [] anArray = {100, 200, 400, 600}; char [ ] grade = newchar[ ] { ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’, ‘F’}; double [ ] depth = new double [2] {2.5, 3}; • No length specifier is required C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  14. Array Initializers (continued) Figure 7-3 Methods of creating and initializing arrays at compile time C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  15. Array Access • Specify which element to access by suffixing the identifier with an index enclosed in square brackets score[0] = 100; • Length– special properties of Array class • Last valid index is always the length of the array minus one C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  16. Array Access (continued) Try to access the array using an index value larger than the array length minus one, a nonintegral index value, or a negative index value – Run-time error Figure 7-4 Index out of range exception C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  17. Example 7-6: Create and Use an Array /* AverageDiff.cs Author: Doyle */ using System; using System.Windows.Forms; namespace AverageDiff { class AverageDiff { staticvoid Main() { int total = 0; double avg, distance; C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  18. Example 7-6: Create and Use an Array (continued) //AverageDiff.cs continued string inValue; int [ ] score = newint[10]; //Line 1 // Values are entered for (int i = 0; i < score.Length; i++) //Line 2 { Console.Write("Enter Score{0}: ", i + 1); //Line 3 inValue = Console.ReadLine( ); score[i] = Convert.ToInt32(inValue); //Line 4 } C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  19. Example 7-6 Create and Use an Array (continued) //AverageDiff.cs continued // Values are summed for (int i = 0; i < score.Length; i++) { total += score[i]; //Line 5 } avg = total / score.Length; //Line 6 Console.WriteLine( ); Console.WriteLine("Average: {0}", avg); Console.WriteLine( ); C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  20. Example 7-6 Create and Use an Array (continued) //AverageDiff.cs continued // Output is array element and how far from the mean Console.WriteLine("Score\tDist. from Avg."); for (int i = 0; i < score.Length; i++) { distance = Math.Abs((avg - score[i])); Console.WriteLine("{0}\t\t{1}", score[i], distance); } } } } C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  21. Example 7-6 Create and Use an Array (continued) Figure 7-5 Output from AverageDiff example C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  22. Sentinel-Controlled Access • What if you do not know the number of elements you need to store? • Could ask user to count the number of entries and use that for the size when you allocate the array • Another approach: create the array large enough to hold any number of entries • Tell users to enter a predetermined sentinel value after they enter the last value • Sentinel value • Extreme or dummy value C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  23. Using foreach with Arrays • Used to iterate through an array • Read-only access • General format foreach (type identifier in expression) statement; • Identifier is the iteration variable • Expression is the array • Type should match the array type C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  24. Using foreach with Arrays (continued) string [ ] color = {"red", "green", "blue"}; foreach (string val in color) Console.WriteLine (val); • Iteration variable, val represents a different array element with each loop iteration • No need to increment a counter (for an index) Displays red, blue, and green on separate lines C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  25. Array Class • Base array class • All languages that target Common Language Runtime • More power is available with minimal programming C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  26. C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  27. C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  28. Arrays as Method Parameters • Can send arrays as arguments to methods • Heading for method that includes array as a parameter modifiers returnType identifier (type [ ] arrayIdentifier...) • Open and closed square brackets are required • Length or size of the array is not included • Example void DisplayArrayContents (double [ ] anArray) C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  29. Pass by Reference • Arrays are reference variables • No copy is made of the contents • Array identifier memory location does not contain a value, but rather an address for the first element • Actual call to the method sends the address • Call does not include the array size • Call does not include the square brackets • Example DisplayArrayContents (waterDepth); C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  30. Example 7-12: Using Arrays as Method Arguments /* StaticMethods.cs Author: Doyle */ using System; using System.Windows.Forms; namespace StaticMethods { class StaticMethods { publicconststring caption = "Array Methods Illustrated"; staticvoid Main( ) { double [ ] waterDepth = {45, 19, 2, 16.8, 190, 0.8, 510, 6, 18 }; C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  31. Example 7-12: Using Arrays as Method Arguments (continued) // StaticMethods.cs continued double [ ] w = new Double [20]; DisplayOutput(waterDepth, "waterDepth Array\n\n" ); // Copies values from waterDepth to w Array.Copy(waterDepth, 2, w, 0, 5); //Sorts Array w in ascending order Array.Sort (w); DisplayOutput(w, "Array w Sorted\n\n" ); // Reverses the elements in Array w Array.Reverse(w); DisplayOutput(w, "Array w Reversed\n\n"); } C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  32. Example 7-12: Using Arrays as Method Arguments (continued) // StaticMethods.cs continued // Displays an array in a MessageBox public staticvoid DisplayOutput(double [ ] anArray, string msg) { foreach(double wVal in anArray) if (wVal > 0) msg += wVal + "\n"; MessageBox.Show(msg, caption); } } } C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  33. Example 7-12: Using Arrays as Method Arguments (continued) Figure 7-6 Output from Examples 7-10 and 7-12 C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  34. Input Values into an Array // Instead of doing compile time initialization, input values publicstaticvoid InputValues(int [ ] temp) { string inValue; for(int i = 0; i < temp.Length; i++) { Console.Write("Enter Temperature {0}: ", i + 1); inValue = Console.ReadLine( ); temp[i] = int.Parse(inValue); } } C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  35. Input Values into an Array (continued) • To call InputValues(int [ ] temp) method int [ ] temperature = newint[5]; InputValues(temperature); • Next slide, Figure 7-7, shows the result of inputting 78, 82, 90, 87, and 85 C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  36. Input Values into an Array (continued) Figure 7-7 Array contents after the InputValues( ) method is called C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  37. Array Assignment • Assignment operator (=) does not work as you would think • Assigned operand contains the same address as the operand on the right of the equal symbol C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  38. Array Assignment (continued) Figure 7-8 Assignment of an array to reference another array C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  39. Parameter Array • Keyword params used • Appears in formal parameter list (heading to the method) • Must be last parameter listed in the method heading • Indicates number of arguments to the method that may vary • Parallel array • Two or more arrays that have a relationship C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  40. Arrays in Classes • Arrays can be used as fields or instance variables in classes • Base type is declared with other fields– but, space is allocated when an object of that class is instantiated • Example field declaration privateint[ ] pointsScored; • Space allocated in constructor pointsScored = newint[someIntegerValue]; C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  41. Array of User-Defined Objects • Create just like you create arrays of predefined types • Example Console.Write("How many players? "); inValue = Console.ReadLine( ); playerCnt = Convert.ToInt32(inValue); Player[ ] teamMember = new Player[playerCnt]; C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  42. Arrays as Return Types • Methods can have arrays as their return type • Example method heading publicstaticint [ ] GetScores(refint gameCnt) • Example call to the method int [ ] points = newint [1000]; points = GetScores(ref gameCnt); • Method would include a return statement with an array C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  43. PlayerApp Use of Arrays Figure 7-10 PlayerApp memory representation C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  44. Two-Dimensional Arrays • Two-dimensional and other multidimensional arrays follow same guidelines as one-dimensional • Two kinds of two-dimensional arrays • Rectangular • Visualized as a table divided into rows and columns • Jagged or ragged • Referenced much like you reference a matrix • Data stored in row major format (C#– row major language) C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  45. Two-Dimensional Representation Figure 7-11 Two-dimensional structure C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  46. Two-Dimensional Arrays (continued) • Declaration format type [ , ] identifier = new type [integral value, integral value]; • Two integral values are required for a two-dimensional array • Number of rows listed first • Data values placed in array must be of the same base type • Example (create a 7x3 matrix) • int [ , ] calories = newint[7, 3]; C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  47. Two-Dimensional Arrays (continued) calories references address of calories[0,0] Figure 7-12 Two-dimensional calories array C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  48. Two-Dimensional Arrays (continued) • Length property gets total number of elements in all dimensions Console.WriteLine(calories.Length); // Returns 21 • GetLength( ) – returns the number of rows or columns • GetLength(0) returns number of rows • GetLength(1) returns number of columns Console.WriteLine(calories.GetLength(1)); //Display 3 (columns) Console.WriteLine(calories.GetLength(0)); //Display 7 (rows) Console.WriteLine(calories.Rank); // returns 2 (dimensions) C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  49. Jagged Arrays • Rectangular arrays always have a rectangular shape, like a table; jagged arrays do not • Also called ‘arrays of arrays’ • Example int[ ] [ ] anArray = newint[4] [ ]; anArray [0] = new int[ ] {100, 200}; anArray [1] = new int[ ] {11, 22, 37}; anArray [2] = new int[ ] {16, 72, 83, 99, 106}; anArray [3] = new int[ ] {1, 2, 3, 4}; C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

  50. Multidimensional Arrays • Limited only by your imagination as far as the number of dimensions • Format for creating three-dimensional array type [ , , ] identifier = new type [integral value, integral value, integral value]; • Example (rectangular) int [ , , ] calories = new int [4 ,7 ,3]; (4 week; 7 days; 3 meals) Allocates storage for 84 elements C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

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