Presentation Transcript

1. Ethnicity and Race

2. Who are we? Where do you come from? Do people ever ask you where you are from?
3. INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCES Unless you are an indigenous person everyone on this land has an immigration story What does it therefore mean to be an Australian? Journey of leaving home land – arrival and experience Process of feeling on the “outter” when you are new and feeling different Leaving, journey and arrival Identity – what does it mean to be an Australian in a culturally diverse Australia? How do we honour the presence of ourselves in this place? The complexity of building Australian society
4. Immigration museum – identity and belonging Go onto ethnicity tab – Pauline Hanson, John Howard Speech, white pickett fence  how can words and speeches be used as tools for both inclusion and exclusion?
5. What do race and ethnicity mean? Use a range of sources such as a dictionary, encyclopaedia and the internet to examine different definitions of race and ethnicity; consider how the definitions have changed over time and the preferable definitions in sociological study
6. The difference
7. The nature and meaning of the sociological concepts of race and ethnicity Ethnicity refers to a social group, categorised by a distinctive way of life with set customary values Race is a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important such as skin colour and facial features
8. RACE Scientists introduced concept of race more than a century ago as a way to assign ethnic groups into racial ‘types’ People were categorised in the following “relatively light skin and fine hair – CAUCASOID People with darker hair NIGROID and people with yellow or brownish skin and distinctive folds on their eyelids MONGOLOID”
9. Sociological terms.. Race refers to an ‘ascribed status’ (a label created by those outside of an ethnic group) People are considered to be similar because they share common physical features
10. RACE The types of classification systems that assigned individuals and groups to categories were ranked or hierarchical Racial distinctions rather than specific biological differences were used to maintain patterns of power and inequality within society (Giddens et al 2009)
11. E.g. – the use of Social Darwinist theory to justify the Protection and Segregation policies which has a devastating impact upon Indigenous Australians
12. RACE Sociologists consider the use of socially-constructed racial categories to be misleading and harmful Macionis (2010) made the following observations about the use of racial classifications The meaning and importance of race varies from place to place and over time Societies use racial categories to rank people in a hierarchy giving some people more money, power and prestige than others Despite the creation of broad racial categories, scientific method has established that there are no biological ‘pure’ races
13. Watch clips on race and ethnicity and how changed over time
14. Ethnicity Socially constructed cultural traits that are seen as important to a society Members of a group can claim an ethnic identity Or an ethnic category may be assigned to them by others These characteristics are learnt and passed across generations through the process of socialisation
15. Member of ethnic groups share a common cultural heritage that they believe identifies them as unique These cultural features help to distinguish ethnic groups from one another
16. Common characteristics include: National origin Language Religion Food Styles of dress Sense of common historical heritage
17. Factors contributing to the formation of ethnicity
18. Ethnicity Vs Race Sociologists prefer to use the concept of ethnicity rather than race BUT What are the issues related to the study of ethnicity? What do sociologists need to be aware of? Ref pg 54-55
19. Concerns include:
20. Revision so far.. Complete Activity 3.10 pg 55 Define the concepts of race and ethnicity Describe the difference between race and ethnicity When does a person stop being ethnic? Why do sociologists need to be careful about the label of ethnicity when conducting research?
21. Reading Consider what are the main points of the article What is it saying about race and ethnicity? Smiling faces mask an unease about growing ethnic diversity.docx ready to confront your own racism - article.pdf pride dosent run skin deep article.pdf
22. Key concepts My culture and beliefs are the best. I have the tendency to measure all other cultures in relation to my own Ethnocentrism Cultural relativism The “other” I try to understand others and not judge! I attempt to understand a cultures behaviour, customs, religion and language in terms of that cultures set of norms
23. The ‘other’ VS Refers to the “not self” Human societies have needed a “them” and “us” as a means to stress the values and characteristics seen as normal This then acts as a guide for social rules and norms Categorisation of groups as the “other” is shaped by and measured against the “self”
24. The concept of the “self” is a reflection of the dominant core (centre) of society From an Australian perspective the self is viewed as white Anglo-Celtic culture. The beliefs and cultural practices of the dominant culture are reflected in range of social systems such as political institutions, the media and the workplace
25. Notion of “otherness” – has been applied to many ethnic groups within Australian society. Such as Asians in the 1900s and more recently to individuals and communities who practice the Islamic faith
26. Is it the belief that ‘others’ are those who don’t speak English as a first language or who have values and beliefs that are different to ‘Aussie’ culture (e.g. playing sport, participating in beach culture, BBQ’s and Christianity) This is of course not a true reflection of values shared by the vast majority of Australians It is a good example though of how groups seek to label cultural differences as abnormal and threatening
27. See Cronulla riots!!! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYiAAxZWyys
28. A good exam response Multiculturalism, the coexistence of many cultures in parallel facilitated by overarching respect for societal institutions, shows the meaning and potential of national culture. Australia was originally a monoculture, a society in which there is a dominant system of social heritage and learned patterns of thinking, feeling and acting with the expectation that minorities would assimilate to the dominant set of physical and cultural characteristics. This was embodied through its White Australia Policy and within that the Immigration Restriction Act, which imposed a dictation test that would deny, unwanted migrants access to Australia. Australia transitioned over time to a ‘multicultural society’ that is united by ‘respect for each other, our culture of a fair go, our spirit of equality and our humane commitment to those in strife’. This explains how cultures have the potential to evolve as a society … exemplified by UsmanKhawaja’s achievement of becoming ‘the first Muslim to represent Australia’
29. National culture refers to the physical characteristics of a nation including: language, lifestyle, events and icons. A controversial aspect of Australian national culture is multiculturalism, and whether we can manage to have a unifying national culture … As sociologist, Hugh McKay believes, Australia is a young nation, one which is constantly evolving … Despite racial disparity, the growth of knowledge and understanding that comes with meeting people from differing backgrounds rewards Australia with a unifying national culture … Australia [embracing] ‘Harmony Day’ which occurs annually, [reflects that we] embrace diversity as we are a nation of equality of opportunity for all. [This diversity can present challenges, such as, racism, including] … the 2005 Cronulla Riots where anyone who did not look ‘Australian’ was targeted and bashed, and the recent attacks on Indian students in Melbourne.
30. “You’re in Australia…Speak ENGLISH, “Aussie Pride!!!” LOVE IT OR GET OUT!! “learn the Aussie language, Respect our way of life, ITS NOT HARD!!” Watch racism in Australia – like a disease - SBS
31. YOUR TASK: Complete Activity 3.11: Cyber Racism within Australia And 3.12 pg 58
32. What is the representation suggesting?
33. Pauline Hanson http://museumvictoria.com.au/immigrationmuseum/discoverycentre/identity/videos/politics-videos/pauline-hansons-1996-maiden-speech-to-federal-parliament/ Pauline Hansons maiden speech to parliament 1996 ..\Revision of key terms and analysis of Pauline Hanson.docx
34. Read pg 57-58 and watch ..\Close Up Pauline Hanson on no Muslims .mp4 ..\This point forward.mp4 ..\Pauline Hanson on 9am.mp4
35. The nature and theory of ethnic hybridity – STUART HALL Stuart Hall – cultural theorist and sociologist Ethnic hybridity – concept used to describe the experience of people who have multiple ethnic identities E.g. Greek Australian children who have on set of cultural experiences within their homes and local communities and an entirely different identity within their schools
36. HYBRIDITY New cultural forms resulting from a mixture of two or more cultural influences It is common amongst young refugees and second or third generation migrants
37. These multiple identities reflect the idea that the concept of ethnicity is both temporary and evolving See Greek interview ..\Sociology university greek interview.doc
38. HALL Hall suggests hybridity involves a process where individuals develop connections across cultural groups People identify with and choose elements of more than one culture that then form a blended ethnic identity
39. BHABHA’S THEORY Bhabha’s theory is informed by the experiences of second generation migrants He describes ethnic hybridity as being a position of “in-between” This period of “in-between” relates to the shift from identification with one culture until the complete assimilation into another
40. http://museumvictoria.com.au/immigrationmuseum/discoverycentre/identity/people-like-me/ http://museumvictoria.com.au/immigrationmuseum/discoverycentre/identity/people-like-me/ People Like Me Image: Tony LewisSource: ABC Desperately wanting to assimilate as a child migrant, I shed everything that made me feel different in my new country. In my 30s I realised that food is the vehicle that can help me keep in touch with my past and have something to hand on to the future, whether it be children or fellow Australians. It is a way I can still bond with the generations before me, even with the loss of traditional values and language.Poh Ling Yeow, Cook, TV Presenter, Artist, 2011We know when we belong. We can see ourselves reflected in others. It might be a community or internet group. It might even be a nation. Fitting in with other people may not be easy. We start searching. We may need to invent our own club. We seek opportunities to connect with others. Why do we need to belong? Who do you belong with?
41. I belong do you? Museum Victoria http://museumvictoria.com.au/immigrationmuseum/discoverycentre/identity/about-the-exhibition/ Postcards - http://museumvictoria.com.au/immigrationmuseum/discoverycentre/identity/i-belong-postcards/
42. Watch insight on clickview about race
43. Experiences of Hybridity ZulekaZevallos (2003) interviewed young Latin-American women living in Australia and observed that to some degree their ethnicity was selective. The young women had the option of seeing themselves as Latin-American or Australian and at times both
44. example of multiple ethnic identities Sometimes their expressions of their Latin American self were displayed for example through dance, food and dress There were also times when the women were happy to embrace their Australian identity, particularly when themes of gender relations or sexuality were involved – they preferred to engage with the Australian values of equality and indepndence
45. Not all ethnic groups are able to move freely between cultural identities Waters (1990) notes that while people of European decent in American society are able to celebrate their ethnic identities others faced a “socially enforced racial identity” – often a society attaches a label to an ethnic group and that group then finds it difficult if not impossible to challenge
46. Challenges young people face Young Australian migrants face particular challenges as they adjust to a new culture and form adult identities Some young people struggle to balance their parents/communities expectations of them with the values of their peers and wider society This is often called “caught between culture”
47. CREATION OF CONFLICT The experience of cultural adjustment often generates conflict between young people and their families This originates from families placing a great deal of importance on cultural maintenance, but at the same time expecting young people to succeed in mainstream society
48. RESPONSES BY YOUNG PEOPLE According to Berry there are 4 common responses by young people to this pressure Assimilation – adopt new culture and reject old culture Withdrawal – they reject new culture and preserve of exaggerate old culture Marginalisation – reject both old and new cultures Integration or biculturalism – maintain important aspects of their old culture while also adopting parts of their new culture
49. Complete Activity 3.13 pg 60
50. Australia’s ethnic diversity compared with other developed countries Australia is a very diverse nation The process sociologists use to assess how cultures differs across and between societies is known as the comparative method
51. “Thinking without comparison is unthinkable. And in the absence of comparison so is all scientific thought and scientific research” (Ragin, 1987)
52. Australia’s Diversity In June 2010 – over 6 million migrants from over 200 countries living in Australia (represents 27% of the estimated total resident population of the nation) Currently people born in the UK are the largest group of overseas born residents - Next largest group is those from NZ, then China, India and Italy
53. International comparisons A report released by the ABS in 2010 noted that Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Italy, Singapore and Sweden experienced high net international migration rates between 2005 and 2010 Also noted that some countries experienced lower rates of growth – eg Japan and Malaysia
54. Your task: Understanding the comparative method Outline Australia’s ethnic diversity through the use of the comparative method Go onto the ABS – Migration Australia Face the facts Complete response questions top of pg 63
55. Australia’s ethnic diversity compared with other developed countries DOWNLOAD FACE THE FACTS AND COMPARE THE TWO – see pg 61 for website
56. The social, political and economic impact of immigration, assimilation and multiculturalism as opposing policies Key skill: analyse the social, political and economic impact of immigration
57. What is? ASSIMILATION INTEGRATION MULTICULTURALISM Create a timeline (including White Australia Policy) Explore the Australia’s multiculturalism policy pg 64-65
58. ASSIMILATION Former government immigration policy Ethnocentric belief that migrants to a nation should adapt to the customs of a dominant culture Federal government policy of assimilation lasted from 1947 to introduction of multiculturalism in 1973
59. ASSIMILATION Argued immigrants should be culturally and socially absorbed into the existing dominant Anglo-Australian society Government programs were established to help migrants find work, accommodation and to learn the English language
60. White Australia Policy amajor policy known as the ‘White Australia Policy (WAP) In place during the 1950s, created major outrage. It was introduced in order to decrease Asian and other ethnic migration, while encouraging European migration to Australia. Following the removal of discriminatory laws such as the WAP, immigration to Australia increased, particularly from Asia. Watch clips of WAP
61. Integration and Multiculturalism Integration and multiculturalism policy developed as a result of the difference between the aims of assimilation and the social reality Migrants were segregated within the workplace due to the types of work they has access to They were heavily represented in manufacturing jobs and tended to live in the surrounding suburbs Migrant children did not perform well at school as had been expected Italian workers at a knitting factory.
62. Multiculturalism Used to describe the diverse cultural make-up of a society Refers to a set of norms that uphold the right of the individual to retain and enjoy their culture Name given to a government policy which seeks to recognise, manage and maximise the benefits of cultural diversity
63. Multiculturalism 1973 – Labour Government ended white Australia Policy Immigration Minister Al Grassby said in speech to parliament about Australia’s people being a “family of the Nation” with cultures living in harmony (this was an introduction to the notion of multiculturalism) 1978 – first official national policy of multiculturalism was introduced Recognised that people could be part of 2 cultures in the same country
64. See current federal multiculturalism policy pg. 64-65
65. Immigration The movement of people into a country on a permanent basis These migratory movements add to the ethnic and cultural diversity of a nation Affect demographic, economic and social dynamics of a nation
66. The different categories of immigrants There are 3 key categories of immigrants in Australia you need to explain each of them in a table Migrants Refugees Asylum seekers
67. Watch immigration nation and once upon a time in cabramatta Take notes on different policies and create a table that analyses the social, political and economic impact of immigration
68. Australia’s immigration programs Australia has 2 immigration programs that allow people to come and live in Australia
69. Humanitarian program Australia has a long history of successfully resettling refugees and humanitarian entrants Humanitarian program meets some of Australia’s obligations to provide protection under international law and is divided into ‘onshore’ and ‘offshore’ stream What is the difference between onshore and offshore resettlement components see pg 67
70. Special humanitarian entrants
71. Asylum seekers and mandatory detention pg. 68 Aust. Migration Act 1958 requires people who are not Australian citizens and who are unlawfully in Australia to be detained Unless they are given permission to stay in Australia by being granted a visa Unlawful non citizens are deported
72. Non citizens are considered to be ‘unlawful’ if they: Do not have a valid visa giving them permission to be in Australia This occurs when people have arrived in Australia without a visa (by boat) Overstayed their visa (arrived on a limited stay student or tourist visa) Or had their visa cancelled
73. Australia’s policy of immigration detention Introduced in 1992 Most detention centres are in isolated parts of Australia or on remote islands outside of Australia Some individuals and families seeking asylum spend months or even years before their refugee status is established If found not to be a refugee they are deported from Australia If found to b a refugee they are released into the wider Australian community –often on a short term visa
74. Main focus of immigration detention policy is: “people who arrive without lawful authority do not enter the Australian community until their identity and status have been properly assessed and they have been granted a visa and People who do not have authority to be in Australia are available for removal from Australia”
75. Asylum seekers Received considerable media attention and political debate Detained in Australia’s detention centres after arriving by boat Known as asylum seekers as they are asking the Government for asylum (sanctuary) in Australia Asylum seekers do not have visas (legal documents giving permission for people to arrive and stay in Australia) – due to a variety of circumstances in the countries they were forced to leave
76. Malaysia solution ..\Dot 5- the social, political and economic impact of immigration, assimialtion and multiculturalism as opposing policies\malaysia solution article analysis.docx Watch videos on Malaysia solution – in folder dot 5 – social political etc
77. The social, political and economic impacts of immigration
78. Complete below activity ..\Dot 5- the social, political and economic impact of immigration, assimilation and multiculturalism as opposing policies\Beware the new racism and timeline.docx
79. Complete Activity 3.16 pg 72
80. Go through current articles representation analysis ..\Dot 5- the social, political and economic impact of immigration, assimialtion and multiculturalism as opposing policies\ARTICLE ANALYSIS AND REVIEW OF KEY KNOWLEDGE.docx
81. How do social institutions in the local, state and national level engage with and respond to the needs of ethnic groups?..\..\..\..\..\..\DOCUME~1\SOCIOL~1\SOCIOL~1\UNIT3~1\AOS2-E~1\DOT6-H~1\graphic organiser for response to ethnic needs at local, state and federal levels.docx