“ Culture of complicity tied to stricken nuclear plant”

1. An article from The New York Times By NorimitsuOnishi and Ken Belson “Culture of complicity tied to stricken nuclear plant”

2. General Summary: “SOAPstone” • Subject: Nuclear power in Japan • Occasion: Nuclear meltdown caused by the earthquake and Tsunami on March 11, 2011 • Audience: Americans and other English speakers interested in the nuclear disaster • Purpose: Persuasive - To convince the reader that corruption made the Daiichi disaster worse, and to expose the “nuclear power village” as a continuing danger to Japan and the world. • Speakers: 3rd Person - NorimitsuOnishi (liberal Canadian-Japanese) and Ken Belson (writer in Tokyo) • Tone: conspiratorial

3. Point Number 1 Point (claim): • Regulators did not enforce the laws, making the Daiichi plant more vulnerable. Evidence: • “Investigators may take months or years to decide to what extent safety problems or weak regulation contributed to the disaster at Daiichi, the worst of its kind since Chernobyl. But as troubles at the plant and fears over radiation continue to rattle the nation, the Japanese are increasingly raising the possibility that a culture of complicity made the plant especially vulnerable to the natural disaster that struck the country on March 11. “ Explanation (warrant): • Facts: Unenforced Regulations (Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency): Cracked steam dryer (Kei Sugaoka), Low Sea Wall, Backup Diesel Generators, 10-year extension (2002) -40 year statutory limit

4. Point Number 2 Point (claim): • The Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency is corrupted by amakudari and amaagari Evidence: • “Though it is charged with oversight, the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency is part of the Ministry of Trade, Economy and Industry, the bureaucracy charged with promoting the use of nuclear power. Over a long career, officials are often transferred repeatedly between oversight and promotion divisions, blurring the lines between supporting and policing the industry. Influential bureaucrats tend to side with the nuclear industry — and the promotion of it — because of a practice known as amakudari, or descent from heaven. Widely practiced in Japan’s main industries, amakudari allows senior bureaucrats, usually in their 50s, to land cushy jobs at the companies they once oversaw.” Explanation (Warrant): • Experts: KuzuoOshima(Democratic Party “lawmaker”), Rissho Kosei-Kai (Buddhist) “Taboo”, Hiroaki Koide – Tokyo University (Grant $), Satoshi Sato – “30 years experience working in the nuclear insdustry” – the regulatory agency “Lacks technical capability”, Taro Kono(Liberal Democratic “lawmaker”) – “Both parties are captive to the power companies” • Analogy: Comparison to NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission) -Navy, Brookhaven, Oak Ridge- • Anecdote: Tokio Kano (VP Tepco) Keidanren (Business Lobby) -12 years in parliament (2010 back to Tepco!) • Opposed deregulation of power industry, parliamentary records (solar vs. nuclear in textbooks) • He said he served out of “conviction”

5. Point Number 3 Point (claim): • The “nuclear power village” wants to spread nuclear power to the world at all costs Evidence: • “So entrenched is the nuclear power village that it easily survived postwar Japan’s biggest political shake-up. When the Democratic Party came to power 20 months ago, it pledged to reform the nuclear industry and strengthen the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency… [but instead] Japan would make the sale of nuclear reactors and technology the central component of a long-term export strategy to energy-hungry developing nations. A new company, the International Nuclear Energy Development of Japan, was created to do just that. Its shareholders were made up of the country’s nine main nuclear plant operators, three manufacturers of nuclear reactors and the government itself. The nuclear power village was going global with the new company. The government took a 10 percent stake. Tepco took the biggest, with 20 percent, and one of its top executives was named the company’s first president.” Explanation (Warrant): • Facts:Government has 10% stake in International Nuclear Energy Development Company, Tepco has 20% stake, one of Tepco’s top executives became the president of the new company, 14 new reactors by 2030, up to 70% of Japan’s energy will be nuclear

6. Conclusion (Logos, Pathos, Ethos) • LOGOS: The article uses expertsand anecdotes, but does offer a few facts as well. It asserts a weak correlation between corruption and the Daichi disaster, not a cause/ effect relationship. • PATHOS: The article uses a lot of emotional language to make the reader feel a sense of injustice, playing on people’s fears about conspiracy. Examples include: • ”fierce insularity”, “blackballing”, “collusion”, “web of connections”, “village outcasts”, “ministry’s ‘reserved seat’”, “cross-fertilizing interests” • ETHOS: The article is written from a biased American Perspective and prizes transparency and criticism over secrecy and conformity, but the Japanese call this Wa.