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Community Ecology and Ecosystems Chapter 53

Community Ecology and Ecosystems Chapter 53. Ecological communities are composed of all species populations that cohabit an area An ecosystem is an ecological community and its abiotic environment . Community Ecology Communities are composed of all of the species that cohabit an area.

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Community Ecology and Ecosystems Chapter 53

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  1. Community Ecologyand EcosystemsChapter 53 Ecological communities are composed of all species populations that cohabit an area An ecosystem is an ecological community and its abiotic environment

  2. Community EcologyCommunities are composed of all of the species that cohabit an area.

  3. Are species distributed individualistically? Or are communities composed of coevolved, interactive assemblages?

  4. Succession

  5. Competitive ExclusionNo two species can occupy the same niche at the same site

  6. Galapagos FinchesCharacterDisplacement

  7. Ecosystems

  8. Food Chains

  9. Food Webs

  10. Primary Productivity

  11. Energy Flow and Energy Pyramids

  12. Energy FlowNumbers of Individuals per Trophic Level

  13. Human Effects on the Environment

  14. Ecological Magnification

  15. Forests rely on their nutrient pools,which can be leached away after deforestation.

  16. Acid Deposition

  17. Greenhouse Effect

  18. Global Warming

  19. Our fragile atmosphere atmosphere

  20. Is Global Warming Happening?

  21. Is Global Warming Happening?A Very Controversial TopicMust know the agenda of “authorities”

  22. Must know the agenda of “authorities”...There are3 schools of thought:1. This is an environmental emergency requiring immediate action2. The reality of global warming, or at least the human influence requires better research before initiating expensive interventions3. Economic factors require the highest priority,subordinating environmental considerations

  23. Is Global Warming Happening?• The three warmest years on record are 1998, 1997, 1995• 1998 may have been the warmest year in 1200 years• The last two decades have been the warmest in 1200 years• The spring green wave occurs about 6 days earlier than 1959• Autumn brown wave are delayed by about 5 days compared to 1959• The frequency of extreme weather is increasing in some places• Ice caps and glaciers are retreating, permafrost is melting• Temperate species ranges are moving to higher latitudes• Oceans levels are rising …with alarming implications

  24. Over the last 1000 years, temperatures have been decreasing somewhat, until about the advent of the industrial revolution. Since then temperature has increased.

  25. Melting of the permafrost in Alaska

  26. Global Climate Change

  27. Range Alterations

  28. Global Climate Change Models

  29. Global Climate Change Models - Critical Need: Data

  30. Effects on agriculture • Agricultural productivity has increased 8% more than population growth since WW II • U.S. agricultural production has played a major role • Factors: • Plant breeding • Energy subsidies • Great climate and great soils geographically superimposed

  31. The American Breadbasketgood soils and good climate

  32. The American Breadbasketunder global warminggood climate moves to the SW over poor soils

  33. Ice melting - Ocean level rises • Several Pacific islands already submerged • Maldives, Bangladesh threatened • US low-lying areas threatened • Worst scenario ...increase of 4° C would melt ice caps and raise oceans 200-400 feet, placing all agricultural regions and all big cities except Mexico City under water …as destructive as nuclear war

  34. US Flooding with 1 meter rise in water level

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