Rapid Sequence Intubation

1. Rapid Sequence Intubation Khalid Al-Ansari, FRCP(C), FAAP(PEM)

2. Objectives • Definition and goals of RSI • Steps of RSI • Controversies • Protocol for RSI

3. Definition • The virtually simultaneous administration, after preoxygenation, of potent sedative agent and rapidly acting neuromuscular blocking agent to facilitate rapid tracheal intubation without interposed mechanical ventilation.

4. Goals of RSI • RSI produce excellent intubating condition 45 to 60 seconds after administration of neuromuscular blocking agent. • Complete jaw relaxation. • Open and immobile vocal cords. • No coughing or diaphragmatic movements in response to intubation. • Decrease Complication like aspiration. • Control of agitation.

5. RSI • Intubation using RSI was more successful on first attempt (78%) compare to NOM (47%) p=<0.01 or SED (44%) p=<0.05 Sagarin et al. pediatr Emerg care 2002

6. Steps of RSI • 7 Ps • Preparation • Preoxygenation • Premedication • Paralysis/sedation • Protection and positioning • Placement with proof • Postintubation management.

7. Preparation • One of the most important step to success. • Equipment (Monitors, suction, O2, bag-valve mask, oral airway, ETT, stylet, laryngoscope blade, CO2 detector). • Medication • Personnel.

8. RSI - Preparation S O A P ME • S Suction (Yankauer) • O Oxygen • A Airway (BVM set up, lryngoscope, ETT, stylet, Magill forceps, tape) • P Pharmacology (drugs including reversal agents) • ME: Monitoring equipment

9. Preparation • Short History + AMPLE • Evaluate for difficult airway • L E M O N: • Look • Mallampati classification • Obstruction ( stridor, drolling, muffled sound) • Neck mobility ( collar)

10. Mallampati classification

11. Look externally • facial, cervical or neck trauma. • Micrognathia • Dysmorphic facial features • Small mouth, large tongue • Short neck

12. Normal Looking Kid – Right?

13. Pierre Robin Syndrome

14. Steps of RSI • Preparation • Preoxygenation • Premedication • Paralysis/sedation • Protection and positioning • Placement with proof • Postintubation management.

15. Preoxygenation • While preparing equipment • It essential to the no bagging principle. • Aim to establish an O2 reservoir within the lungs and body tissue. • By 100% O2 via non-rebreather face mask. • For 3-5 minutes.

16. Quiz • In healthy 70 kg adult if fully preoxygenated and then paralyze how long will take to drop O2 sat from 100% to 90%. A- more than 9 minutes B- 7-8 minutes C- 4-6 minutes D- less than 4 minutes

17. Quiz • In healthy 70 kg adult if fully preoxygenated and then paralyze how long will take to drop O2 sat from 100% to 90%. A- more than 9 minutes B- 7-8 minutes C- 4-6 minutes D- less than 4 minutes

18. Quiz • In healthy 10 kg child if fully preoxygenated and then paralyze how long will take to drop O2 sat from 100% to 90%. A- > 8 minutes B- 6-8 minutes C- 3-4 minutes D- 1-2 minutes

19. Quiz • In healthy 10 kg child if fully preoxygenated and then paralyze how long will take to drop O2 sat from 100% to 90%. A- > 8 minutes B- 6-8 minutes C- 3-4 minutes D- 1-2 minutes

20. PreoxygenationAnesthesiology: Volume 87(4) October 1997

21. Steps of RSI • Preparation • Preoxygenation • Premedication • Paralysis/sedation • Protection and positioning • Placement with proof • Postintubation management.

22. Premedication • Aim to block the physiologic reflex response to airway manipulation and insertion of ETT.

23. Atropine

24. Atropine • To prevent Bradycardia. • It should be given 1-2 min before intubation. • PALS recommendation: - Children less than 1 year of age. - Children age 1-5 years receiving Sch. - Children > 5 years receiving second dose of Sch.

25. Atropine • Bradycardia during intubation has 3 causes: • Vagal stimulation during laryngoscopy. • Succinylcholine administration • Hypoxia

26. Fentanyl

27. Fentanyl • Blunt the reflex sympathetic response. • Used in pt with raised ICP • Dose: 1-2 Mcg/kg • Be careful about BP and respiratory depression. • Add extra step

28. Lidocaine • To blunt the rise in ICP associated with laryngoscopy and intubation. • Dose : 1-2 mg/kg 2-5 min before intubation • Evidence.

29. Defasciculating • Non competitive N/M blocking agent ( rocuronium (0.06mg/kg). • 10% of normal paralyzing dose. • 3 min before intubation. • In pt. with raised ICP receiving Sch for paralysis. • No evidence to support it’s use in RSI. • Add extra step.

30. Steps of RSI • Preparation • Preoxygenation • Premedication • Paralysis/sedation • Protection and positioning • Placement with proof • Postintubation management.

31. Sedation • Aim to rapidly make the pts unconscious to eliminate pt awareness of being paralyzed and intubated and facilitate the intuabtion. • The choice depend on: - Shock - Head trauma - bronchoconstriction

32. Thiopentale • Barbiturate • Dose 2-4mg/kg • Onset: 30-60 seconds • Duration : 10-30min • Side effects: decrease cardiac output, hypotension, broncho & laryngo spasm. • Contraindication: Porphyria, Barbiturate sensitivity, Asthma (caution in decreased BP)

33. Ketamine • Non barbiturate dissociative agent • Dose: 1-2mg/kg • Onset:<2minutes • Duration: 10-30minutes • Maintain BP & bronchodilator • Side effects: Inrease BP, hallucination, increase secreations, laryngospasm & emergence reaction. • Contraindication: raised IOP, psyhosis &hypertension.

34. Midazolam • Benzodiazepine • Dose 0.1-0.3mg/kg • Onset: 30-60 seconds • Duration : 30-60min • Side effects: Respiratory depression & hypotension.

35. Etomidate • Imidazole Non barbiturate hypnotic • Dose: 0.3mg/kg • Onset:<1minute • Duration: 10-30minutes • Hemodynamic stability. • Side effects: Adrenal suppression, myoclonus & trismus. • Contraindication: Adrenal insufficiency & focal seizure.

36. Sedation • Etomidate used in 42% of pediatric RSI in US. • Thiopental used in 22% . • Benzodiazepine used in ~ 18% (90% Midazolam) Sagarin et al, pediatr Emer Care 2002;18

37. N/M blocking agentspediatrEmerg Care 2000;16(6):441

38. N/M blocking agents • Sch contraindication • Hyperkalemia ( renal failure) • Myopathy • Malignant hyperthermia • > 3-5 days of burns, crush injury, Denervation due to stroke or spinal cord injury.

39. Steps of RSI • Preparation • Preoxygenation • Premedication • Paralysis/sedation • Protection and positioning • Placement with proof • Postintubation management.

40. Protection • Sellick’s maneuver ( cricoid pressure ) • Thumb and long fingers applying posterior pressure to occlude the esophagus against the anterior surface of the vertebral body to prevent passive regurgitation of gastric content • Initiated after sedation given and maintained throughout the entire intubation sequence until ETT placed and verified.

41. Steps of RSI • Preparation • Preoxygenation • Premedication • Paralysis/sedation • Protection and positioning • Placement with proof • Postintubation management.

42. Placement with proof • 45 seconds – 60 seconds after administration of N/M blocking agent • Intubation should be performed. • Tube placement should be checked ( auscultation, end tidal CO2 detector and CXR)

43. Post intubation management • ETT must be taped in place. • Low BP should be Rx • CXR • Long term sedation and paralysis - Midazolam infusion - pancuronium or vecuronium 0.1mg/kg . Opioid analgesia if needed.

45. No shock, head injury or asthma Shock, no head trauma no asthma Asthma, no shock no head trauma Head trauma, no shock, no asthma Thiopental Etomidate Etomidate, ketamine Consider no sedation Thiopental Etomidate Ketamine Etomidate Succinylcholine (preferred, except when contraindicated) Or Rocuronimum 6-7 minutes (one minute after NMB agent administered)

46. Take home message • Preparation is one of the most important step for success. • Try to identify difficult airway. • Preoxygenate with no bagging principle. • Back up plan.

47. Thank You