Procurement Process in Networking Lecture o8 Advanced Computer Networks (ACN) 545

1. Mr. Thilakde Silva. BSc. Eng., MSc, CEng, FIE(SL), FIET(UK), CITP(UK), MBCS(UK), MIEEE (USA) ProcurementProcess in NetworkingLecture o8Advanced Computer Networks (ACN) 545 M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

2. Today's Agenda • Expenditure • Beget • Tender Document / Bidding Document • Request for proposal – RFP • Stakeholders of Procurement Process • Contents of Tender Document • Calling for Tender Document • Contract Document M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

3. Session Outcomes • At the end of this session you will understand about the entire Procurement Process of an organization and about related artifacts such as Tender document, Request for Proposals, Contract document etc. M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

4. Networks • PSTN – Voice • Mobile - Public networks • 1G – Voice • 2G-Voice,data • 3G-Data • Data – Private Networks M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

5. Common Feature of Networks • CPE – Customer Premises Equipment • This located in between customer premises and Service provider premises. • Terminal Equipment is connected to this. • This is the interface between user equipment and network • Operates at layer 1 (Physical layer) of ISO/OSI model. M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

6. Common Feature of Networks • CPE is connected to the core network via a Access Node/Access Gateway. • Many users connects to it. M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

7. Common Feature of Networks – Access Gateway FUnctions • Switching • Circuit switching • Packet Switching • Aggregation • Combining many users • Multiplexing is a kind of aggregation M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

8. Common Feature of Networks – Circuit Switching • Involve in Voice communications • IS a Real Time connection • Requires a dedicated connection. • Circuit switching has two variations • Space switching • Time switching M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

9. Common Feature of Networks – Circuit Switching • For PSNT network Access gateway is the telephone exchange. M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

10. Common Feature of Networks – Terminal Equipment (TE) • TE is the telephone. • Converts the voice signal in to an analog signal M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

11. Common Feature of Networks – Terminal Equipment (TE) • This signal can be input to the telephone exchange directly as it is. • There for in PSTN we do not need to have a CPE. • Telephone is not a passive device. The required power is fed by the telephone exchange. M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

12. Common Feature of Networks – Terminal Equipment (TE) to Exchange • This is a fixed wired connection and it is costly. M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

13. Common Feature of Networks – Between exchanges • Here we have logical dedicated connections between exchanges. • Generally TDM is used. • A single time slot is allocated for each user. • This time slot is dedicated until the connection is over. • This dedication is temporal and allocated in need only. • This is known as switching. M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

14. Exchange • Switching • Establish the Link • Exchange Information between endpoints • Monitor until conversation is over. • Keep track of Accounting information. • User authentication is not done here. The exchange assumes that the copper loop is connected to the legitimate user M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

15. Exchange • Different types of facilities are provided by the exchange. • Eg: Call conferencing, call forwarding • All customers will not get all the services. Exchange will check what are the authorizes servicers for a particular user before giving any services. This is known as Authorization and is done in the exchange. M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

16. Exchange • The basic information like customer details, customer telephone number, authorized services etc. are stored in a separate database by the exchange. • Accounting information are kept I the hard disk. • Analog to Digital conversion is done in the telephone exchange and vice versa. M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

17. Exchange – A call • Monitor whether a user needs a service. (off hook) • Then exchange should inform that it is ready to provide the service. (Dial tone) • The requirement to make available the service is to find a free register or memory for the user. This is needed to store the dialed numbers. M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

18. Exchange – A call • The user will dial the number. It is a signal. • The exchange will analyze the number and find out the destination. • The exchange finds a free time slot between two exchanges and allocate it to user. • The exchange will send the destination number to the other exchange. M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

19. Exchange – A call • If the destination user is not busy the ringing tone is sent to the user and ring back tone is sent to the originating exchange. • The destination user off hook the telephone. • The destination exchange send information to the originating exchange. (connection established). This indication is called the answer signal. M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

20. Exchange – A call • Then the originating exchange starts billing. • Once the connection is over, either side will off hook the telephone and that exchange will send a signal to the other exchange indicating that the call is over. • The originating exchange records the start time and the end time of the call. M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

21. Exchange – A call • The originating exchange will keep A number (originating number), B number (destination number),start time and end time as a record for each call. This is known as CDR – Call Data Record. M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

22. PSTN Signalling • IN PSTN signaling plays an important role. There are two main types of signals. • Addressing signals • Supervisory Signals • IN addition to switching exchange is responsible in handling some signaling functions too. M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012

23. Thank You… M.Sc. in IT - Year 1 Semester II - 2012